School of Chemistry and Physics
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Item Item Item The alkaloids of the Amaryllidaceae : the isolation and structures of two new alkaloids from Haemanthus natalensis and Nerine krigeii and contributions to the chemistry of coccinine : the absolute configuration of alkaloids based on the 5:10b-Ethanophenanthridine nucleus.(1960) Jeffs, P. W.; Warren, Frank Louis.No abstract available.Item Field and model studies of the nearshore circulation.(1967) Harris, Thomas Frank Wyndham.Investigations into the characteristics and underlying mechanism of the circulation of water near the shore are reported. The two main types of circulation, one a cellular system resulting from Haves propagated nearly normally to the shore, and the other an essentially alongshore flow associated with oblique waves, are treated separately. The cellular circulation studies were made in the field at Virginia Beach and more extensively in wave tanks. From the field experiments data were collected about the dimensions of the cells, the way in which the Hater circulated, the rate of exchance of surf zone water and the extent of recycling. A method for measuring the changes in the mean sea level over intervals of time greater than those of the wave periods, was developed. The model experiments carried out in uniform wave tanks showed that the cellular circulations could be well simulated. Measurements were made of the cell dimensions, the velocity of the longshore and rip currents, and of the recycling regime. A finding from the wave tank studies Has the presence of standing waves formed by transverse edge waves. The interaction of these standing waves with the gene rated waves normal to the shore could be the initial cause of rip currents and the cellular circulation. Studies of the alongshore system were made in the field only. A method for measuring the volume of flow of longshore currents was developed, tested, and applied. Calculated volumes of flow using a theory based on continuity and the solitary wave theory (as proposed by Inman and Bagnold) compared tolerably well with the field observations. The calculations of volume of flow required a knowledge of the wave height spectra in the surf. This was established by making wave height recordings in the between-breaker zone . It was found that the characteristics of the spectra compared reasonably well with those pr e dict ed by the Longuet-Higgins theory, previously assumed to apply to deep water waves only. A mechanism for the transition from cellular to alongshore system is proposed.Item The chemistry of river waters with special reference to the rivers of Natal.(1969) Kemp, P. Hayden.No abstract available.Item Studies of some new Euphorbiaceae diterpenes.(1971) McGarry, Joan Margaret.; Candy, H. A.The heartwoods of two species of South African Euphorbiaceae have been chemically investigated. From Cleistanthus schlechteri three new diterpenes possessing the hitherto unknown ent-isopimara-8(14),15-diene skeleton were isolated. By means of chemical and spectroscopic methods these were shown to be 3a-hydroxy-ent isopimara-8(14),15-diene, I, 3a-hydroxy-ent-isopimara- 8(14},15-dien-12-one, II, and 3a,12a-dihydroxy-ent-isopimara- 8(14),15-diene, III. A biogenetic sequence has been proposed in which it is suggested that these compounds are probably the precursors of the major diterpenoid, cleistanthol, IV, previously isolated from this source. From the second species, Spirostachys africana, a new diterpenoid seco-acid, spirostachic acid, VIII, was obtained in addition to the beyerene derivatives previously reported. Mass spectral fragmentation patterns of the seco-acid and its methyl esters proved to be useful as a diagnostic tool in structure elucidations.Item The chemistry of novel diterpenes from androstachys johnsonii Prain.(1973) Piacenza, Lorenzo Piero Luigi.; Pegel, Karl H.No abstract available.Item Investigation of the fair weather electric field in the atmosphere.(1975) Muir, Michael Stilwell.No abstract available.Item The morphology of radiation damage in copper irradiated with neutrons at elevated temperatures.(1977) Kemm, Kelvin Richard.; Spalding, Dennis Raymond.This thesis is an investigation of the radiation damage morphology of high purity copper crystals irradiated with fast neutrons at temperatures in the range of 250C to 4OO C. At these high temperatures neutron damage is found to accumulate into large 3-dimensional rafts up to 100 um in size, and the well known homogeneous distribution of black dot damage which is characteristic of irradiations at lower temperatures is not observed. The characteristics and composition of the rafts of damage 0 at different temperatures in the range 250 C to 400 C have been compared and found to differ to a large extent. It has also been shown that the background areas between rafts contain a rather low density of damage at all temperatures studied. It is therefore concluded that many of the interstitial atoms formed during irradiation migrate over large distances through the crystal lattice to precipitate at the sites of the dislocations forming the large rafts, and so denuded inter-raft areas are left behind. It is proposed that these large rafts originate from grown in dislocations present in the crystals before irradiationItem The analysis and optimization of electrostatic electron optical lenses with rotational symmetry, through use of orthogonal functions.(1978) Van der Merwe, Johannes Petrus.; Walker, Anthony David Mortimer.; Spalding, Dennis Raymond.No abstract available.Item Aurora and associated VLF phenomena.(1978) Duthie, Desmond D.; Scourfield, Malcolm W. J.Observations have been made at Sanae (gm. lat. -63,71°) on occurring auroral forms, (diffuse and pulsating aurora), and simultaneous occurring VLF phenomena, (whistlers and auroral hiss) . Two studies are presented in this thesis. (a) A comparison of the positions of auroral forms and the positions of field lines, along which whistlers propagate, is made and it is found that: (i) Diffuse aurora occurs on closed field lines and indirect evidence shows that this is also the case for pulsating aurora. (ii) For two periods of data the separation of diffuse aurora from the plasmapause ranges from < 0,9 L to < 0,2 L but during a third period, the diffuse aurora lies, at least partially, within the plasmasphere. (b) An investigation into the association between pulsating aurora and pulsating auroral hiss is made and it is shown that: (i) A common identical pulsation period of 0,75 s and high coherency exists between the light intensity of an auroral patch and the intensity of the associated pulsating auroral hiss. This suggests a wave-particle interaction as a common modulation mechanism. (ii) Cyclotron instability (gyroresonance) or Cerenkov radiation mechanisms occurring in the equatorial plane do not account for the time delays, typically between 0,90 s and 0,157 s, found to be present between, the two phenomena, where the incident auroral electrons, responsible for the auroral patch light intensity, are observed to arrive before the auroral hiss emissions. The results of the analysis in (a) are reported in The Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 39, 1429, 1977.Item The density dependence of the refractivity of gases.(1978) Burns, Robert Charles.; Graham, Clive.Item Towards an objective interpretation of quanum mechanics.(1978) Wang, Derek Trygve.; Bedford, Donald.Abstract on PDF file.Item Theoretical studies of the crossfield current-driven ion acoustic instability.(1979) Bharuthram, Ramashwar.; Hellberg, Manfred Armin.Abstract available in PDF file.Item Extractives from the Meliaceae.(1979) Mulholland, Dulcie Aca.; Taylor, D. A. H.Abstract available in PDF file.Item X-ray crystallographic study of a trinuclear ruthenium organo-metallic complex.(1984) Subramony, Loganathan.; Engel, D. W.; Moodley, K. G.The crystal structure of Ru₃ (C0)₁₀(C₆H₅)₂PN(C₂H₅) P(C₆H₅)₂ (RUC)PNP) has been determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. The crystals are tri-- clinic with space group PĪ. The unit cell of dimensions a = 14,732; b = 12,386; c = 10,982 Å; α = 104,52; β = 100,64; γ = 94,89° contains two formula units. The unit cell and space group were determined by photographic deJong-Bouman and precession techniques using CuKα radiation. A procedure was developed for more accurate alignment of the crystal for rotating crystal techniques. Intensity data were collected on a Philips PW1100 four-circle diffractometer with MoKα radiation. The positions of the Ru atoms were determined from Patterson syntheses and the remaining atoms located using successive Fourier synthesis. The structure was refined by blocked full-matrix least-squares methods to a residual of R = 0,0537 for 3538 independent reflections with I > 5σ(I) with 300 parameters in the final refinement. The phenyl rings and the CH₂ and CH₃ moities were refined as rigid groups with H-atoms included at fixed positions. A difference Fourier synthesis was done and showed no significant peaks. RUCOPNP is derived from Ru₃(CO)₁₂ by substitution of two equatorial carbonyl ligands by the P atoms of a single edge-bridging (C₆H₅)₂PN(C₂H₅)P( C₆H₅)₂ ligand (PNP). In both complexes the Ru atoms are arranged in a triangle and have distorted octahedral geometry. The introduction of the PNP ligand to the symmetrical parent Ru₃(CO)₁₂ has the following effects: (a) It causes a contraction of the ligand-bridged Ru-Ru bond distance to 2,798 Å whereas the other Ru-Ru distances are 2,860 and 2,848 Å which are close to the distances in the parent compound; (b) It causes the adjacent equatorial carbonyl ligands to rotate towards the PNP ligand by 11,4°. (c) It causes considerable deviations of some of the axial carbonyl ligands from the normal to the plane containing the Ru atoms.Item Sound transmission analysis by sound intensimetry.(1985) Van Zyl, Barend Gideon.; Broadhurst, Anthony D.This thesis represents the development and evaluation of a theory for sound transmission analysis by sound intensimetry. In the context of this study sound transmission analysis is understood to embrace the following: (1) The measurement of sound reduction indices. (2) Diagnostic analysis of sound transmission through panels and structures. The sound intensity method is examined against the theoretical background of the classic two-room method which forms the basis of currently used international standards. The flanking problem, which is one of the principle limiting factors in the use of the classic method, is analyzed. The standard formulation of the intensity method is expanded to account for leakage error, boundary interference effects and calibration mismatch. It is shown that the commonly observed low-frequency discrepancy between intensity and classic method results is resolved by application of the Waterhouse correction. Sound absorption by the test object on the receiving side is shown to cause an error which increases with the flanking factor and with the fraction of the receiving room absorption located on the surface of the test object. Guidelines are developed for the assessment and control of absorption error in practical situations. Using the common mode rejection index as a performance rating for sound intensity meters, the measurement of sound transmission in reactive fields is investigated. Derivation of a formula for the reactivity near the surface of a transmitting panel surrounded by a flanking structure in a reverberant field, leads to the development of a theoretical framework and criteria for the planning and evaluation of test arrangements for sound transmission analysis. Guidelines are given for the calculation of minimum receiving room absorption and the microphone spacing required in practical situations. A study of the characteristic properties of sound intensity fields in diffuse and non-diffuse environments is used as a basis in formulating a new method of measuring directional diffusivity. Based on the relationship between reactivity and the degree of directional balance in a sound intensity field, this method involves spatial averaging of the pressure level and determination of the magnitude of the total intensity vector at the point under consideration. A direct-reading diffusivity meter has been developed and employed in assessing diffusivity in practical situations. The effect of a lack of directional diffusivity on the accuracy of sound transmission analysis in reactive fields is examined. Criteria for calculating minimum diffusivity requirements in the source and receiving room are developed and evaluated experimentally.Item A study of the 90Zr(n,d)89Y reaction.(1986) Bawa, Ahmed Cassim.; Bharuth-Ram, Krishanlal.; McMurray, W. R.A study has been made of the 90 Zr(n,d) 89 Y reactlion at an incident neutron energy of 22 MeV. The experimental aspect of the study was performed at the Van der Graaf facility at the National Accelerator Centre, using a particle spectrometer developed by K Bharuth-Ram and W R McMurray for the study of neutron-induced charged-particle emissions. The spectrometer, which consists of a telescope of three multiwire proportional counters and a curved plastic scintillator, permits the simultaneous accumulation of data over an angular range of 80°. Solid-angle- calculations have been performed to correct for the effect of the geometry of the system on the angular distribution of the cross-sections. A review has been made of the shell model of the nucleus, the optical potential model and the distorted waves method (or DWBA) for the analysis of direct nuclear reactions. A distorted-waves method analysis of the reaction is performed with the code DWUCK 4 and the resulting angular distribution of the various cross-sections are compared with the experimentally obtained data. ThIs comparison produces spectroscopic factors which are used to perform some analysis of the nuclear structure of the 90 Zr nucleus.Item The crossfield current-driven ion acoustic instability in a two-ion plasma.(1987) Govender, Jagathesan.; Bharuthram, Ramesh.The behaviour of the crossfield current-driven ion acoustic instability in a plasma containing two ion species is theoretically examined. In our model the electrons are assumed to be hot and the ions cold, i.e. Tₑ »Tᵢ (~ 0), where both ion species are given the same temperature. The length and time scales are such that the electrons are magnetized and the ions unmagnetized. The linearised Vlasov equation is used to set up a dispersion relation for electrostatic waves for Maxwellian equilibrium velocity distributions of the electrons and ions. For the ion acoustic wave, a study is made of the dependence of the critical electron drift velocity (Vͨₒ) required to excite an instability on several parameters. The parameters include light ion fraction, heavy to light ion mass ratio, magnetic field strength and the propagation angle. In general the maximum value of Vͨₒ is found to be smaller than that for an unmagnetized plasma. Approximate analytic solutions of the dispersion relation are used to make comparisons with solutions from the full dispersion relation. The effect of drifts due to inhomogeneities in external magnetic field, perpendicular electron temperature and electron density on the growth rate of the ion acoustic instability are investigated in the ion rest frame. Finally, in a reference frame in which the electrons are stationary, both ion species are given external drifts. The effects of the ion drift velocities (both equal and unequal), electron to ion temperature ratio, light ion fraction, and heavy to light ion mass ratio on the growth rate of the ion acoustic instability are then studied.Item The influence of primary and secondary nitrogen donor atoms on the thermodynamics of complex formation in aqueous solution.(1987) Martincigh, Bice Susan.; Marsicano, Fabrizzio.