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Browsing Philosophy by SDG "SDG16"

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    The authoritarian character: revisited.
    (2022) Govender, Nathisvaran Kumarasen.; Swer, Gregory Huw Morgan.; Sivil, Richard Charlton.
    In this thesis, I revisit the authoritarian character concept, as developed by members of the first-generation Frankfurt School. The authoritarian character concept (ACC) was a concept developed to understand the predisposition of individuals and societies towards seeking the domination of authoritarian demagogic as opposed to realising their own liberation. The need to revisit the ACC came about due to a noticeable rise of authoritarian demagogic leaders within liberal democracies. However, in researching the ACC, I observed that the dominant narrative was incorrect in its interpretation of the conceptual development of the ACC, and subsequently, is overly restrictive with regards to its conceptual parentage as it did not consider conceptual developments outside of 1936-1939. Therefore, in this project, I revisit the ACC with the aim of detailing a conceptually clear understanding of the ACC so that it could be used to help analyse the problem of contemporary authoritarianism. In revisiting the ACC, I hope to achieve four objectives. Firstly, to set out the foundations of the ACC by looking at the Frankfurt School and the conceptual makeup of the ACC. Secondly, was establishing a dominant narrative surrounding the ACC, which I termed the received view of the ACC. This received view holds the conceptual lifespan of the ACC as starting in 1936 and ending in 1939. Thirdly, to show that the received view of the ACC is incorrect with regard to the genesis of the ACC as work had been ongoing on the development of key concepts prior to 1936 and provide a revised account of the ACC to include this early conceptual development. Fourthly, to show that the received view of the ACC is incorrect with regards to the demise of the ACC, in 1939, as work was ongoing on evolving the ACC to meet more modern challenges well into the 1970s. Furthermore, these later developments of the ACC would ultimately complete the teleological arc of the ACC as a concept of Critical Theory as it is within these later developments that the ACC finally fulfils its goal of detailing a possible praxis that works towards an emancipated society.
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    Multinational joint task force counter insurgency: A strategic containment of ISWAP insurgency in the Lake Chad Basin, 2009-2019 = Okwenziwa ibutho kwabalwisana nabo bombutho ohlanganise amazwe ngamazwe kazwelonke, isu lokunqanda amavukelambuso e-ISWAP eLake Chad Basin ngonyaka wezi-2009 kuya kowezi-2019.
    (2023) Akubueze, Oliver.; Khan, Sultan.
    The Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) insurgency has existed for over two decades. Over the years, it has grown from a pygmy insurgency threat to a colossal insurgency security problem currently perplexing the Lake Chad Basin’s (LCB)socio-economic and political equilibrium. The study traced the intricacies surrounding ISWAP’s emergence, evolution, merger and transition between 2009 and 2015 and recorded details of how the micro-Islamic sect gravitated into a macro security challenge. The study examined when and why the Multinational Joint Taskforce (MNJTF) was established and the factors that have handicapped its counterinsurgency campaigns in the LCB since 2012. Despite the counterinsurgency onslaughts, the ISWAP insurgency is still in operation. This is why the successes and failures of ISWAP containment before the intervention of the MNJTF in 2014 were examined. The aim was to provide the rationale for comparing the two periods, 2009 to 2014 and the succeeding years following the MNJTF intervention, 2015 to 2019, under study. A review of previous works identified previous scholars’ weaknesses and strengths, which resonates with the logic that while significant attention was given to assessing homologous counterinsurgency arrangements, the MNJTF was largely overlooked in their literature. Both primary and secondary sources provided relevant information towards examining the factors that contributed to and sustained the activities of the ISWAP insurgency in LCB. The study critically examined the historical background of MNJTF, updated mandates, and counterinsurgency approaches in the fight against insurgency. The study also reiterated the importance of counterinsurgency approaches other than traditional military fighting, which is the root cause of insurgency, largely linked to the poor economic situation of the LCB countries and other social and religious factors. The study provides valuable recommendations that would guide the MNJTF in finding a sustainable solution to the ISWAP insurgency in the Chad Basin. Other institutions, governments and international organisations in Africa and elsewhere would also benefit from the recommendations as the world, especially Africa, struggles with insurgencies. Iqoqa. Amavukelambuso e-Islamic State esesiFundazweni esiseNtshonalanga ne-Afrika (ISWAP) asehlale ngaphezu kwamakhulunyaka amabili. Eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi, kwakhula ukwesatshiswa kwabantu abafushane abangamavukelambuso enkingeni enkulu yezokuphepha kwamavukelambuso okuyimanje kudida inhlalomnotho nesimokulingana eLake Chad Basin’s (LCB). Ucwaningo lwalandelela okuyimininingwane ezungeze ukubonakala kwe-ISWAP, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, inhlanganisela nendlulela phakathi konyaka wezi- 2009 nowezi-2015 nemininingwane ebhalwe phansi yokuthi ngabe iqoqo elincane lama-Islam labantu abayingozi lifika kanjani engqinambeni yezokuphepha okukhulu. Ucwaningo lwahlola ukuthi yasungulwa nini futhi kungani iMultinational Joint Taskforce (MNJTF) nokuthi iziphi izinto ezaletha ubunzima emikhankasweni eyathathelwa izinyathelo eziphikisayo e-LCB kusukela ngowe-2012. Ngale kokuphazanyiswa ukuhlaselwa ngezinyathelo eziphikisayo ezathathwa, amavukelambuso e-ISWAP namanje asasebenza. Yingakho kwahlolwa ukuphumelela nokwehluleka kokunqanda i-ISWAP ngaphambi kokungenelela kwe-MNJTF ngowezi- 2014. Inhloso kwakungukunikezela ngomqondo wokuqhathanisa izikhathi zombili, sonyaka wezi-2009 kuya kowezi-2014 futhi okwakuyiminyaka yempumelelo kulandela ukungenelela kwe-MNJTF, unyaka wezi-2015 kuya kowezi-2019, ngokusacwaningwa ngakho. Ukubuyekezwa kwemisebenzi eyedlule kwakhombisa ubuthaka nalokho abanamandla kukho ongoti, okuzwakala kunokucabanga okuhlelekile okuthi ngenkathi kusemqoka ukunaka ukuhlolwa kwezinhlelo zokuthathela amavukelambuso izinyathelo ezifanayo, i-MNJTF yayinganakiwe kakhulu emibhalweni yabo. Yomibili imithombo owokuqala nowesibili yanikezela ngolwazi oluyilo mayelana nokuhlola okuphathelene neqhaza nokusimama kwemisebenzi yamavukelambuso e-ISWAP e-LCB. Ucwaningo lwahlola ngokuhlolisisa isendlalelo somlando we-MNJTF, amagunya abuyekeziwe kanye nezindlela ezilwisana nokuphikisa kwamavukelambuso. Ucwaningo lwabuye lwagcizelela kaningi ubumqoka bezindlela zokuphikisa kwamavukelambuso ngaphandle nokulwisana nombutho wezendabuko, okuyiwona oyimbangela yomsuka wamavukelambuso, kwaxhunyaniswa kakhulu nesimo esibi sezomnotho emazweni e-LCB nezimo zenhlalobantu nezenkolo. Ucwaningo lwanikezela ngezincomo ezinhle kakhulu ezazizoqondisa i-MNJTF ekutholeni isisombululo esisimeme kumavukelambuso e-ISWAP e-Chad Basin.