Supply Chain Management

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Adoption of electronic banking distribution channels in South Africa: the Unified Theory of Acceptance and use of technology.
(2020) Nzama, Mbuso Emmanuel.; Mbhele, Thokozani Patmond.
Globally, every industry is on the path of a technological revolution that is radically shaping how people and organisations relate to the world and to one another. The Fourth Industrial Revolution’s (4IR) digital technologies are transforming supply chain management from a linear model to a more integrated model in which information flows in multiple directions. The invention of e-banking has provided customers with a whole new experience of banking services. In South Africa, banks have invested heavily in technological solutions. However, socio-economic complexities and challenges are slowing down the adoption of e-banking channels. This study examines the key determinants of the adoption and acceptance of electronic banking through the theoretical constructs of the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model (UTAUT2). The first research objective of the study was to determine the magnitude of acceptance and utilisation of downstream electronic banking distribution channels by generation-based clients. The second objective was to determine the effect of the cultural factor, uncertainty avoidance, on the use of electronic banking distribution channels. The third objective was to establish the downstream supply chain customer experience on the underlying impact of facilitating conditions on electronic banking systems. The penultimate objective was to determine the degree to which the downstream electronic banking simplicity practice influences usage of electronic banking distribution channels. The final objective was to develop the integrated electronic banking model that influences the downstream site generation-based customers. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data in this study where the purposive and simple random samplings were selected. The study applied a quantitative approach to a 307 sample size of students doing post-graduate qualifications from three Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Durban. The collected data were analysed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate methods. The findings revealed that facilitating conditions, effort expectancy, and social influence are key determinants that explain the users’ adoption and use of e-banking channels in South Africa. The study also revealed that uncertainty avoidance influences the use of e-banking channels. The retail banks can use these findings to further improve their electronic channels feature in the future.
An exploratory study of total quality management challenges during coronavirus disease: a case of Durban textile companies.
(2022) Mbele, Khulani.; Ncube, Eric Dumisani.
This research focused on Total Quality Management (TQM) as an operations challenge in the textile manufacturing sector during the era of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with the focus on textile manufacturing sector companies. South African textile companies based in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, include Best Branding South Africa (BBSA) and Textiles Express (TE) were selected for the study. TQM is a philosophy that seeks to integrate all organisational functions such as marketing, finance, supply chain, and engineering, as well as production, and customer service, to focus on meeting customer needs and company objectives. Customer satisfaction is the main driving force in TQM and involves top management. One of the biggest challenges in the textile manufacturing sector is that COVID-19 has severely affected TQM operations. Some of the operational challenges include, but are not limited to such as, machine failures, materials, and rejects. The COVID-19 pandemic had an immediate effect on textile sales, trade, and production. TQM operational challenges include shutting down business operations, the decline in revenues, and a reduction in production. The main study aim was to determine the COVID-19 pandemic impact on TQM within the textile manufacturing sector. The objectives of the study include: determining operations challenges faced in TQM attributable to COVID-19, regarding planning at the two textile companies, BBSA and TE. Second, to examine strategies employed in the textile manufacturing sector by BBSA and TE to solve these TQM operations challenges. Third, to explore which strategies were used by BBSA and TE to assess the COVID-19 impact on TQM. Last, to determine mitigation measures BBSA and TE employed to alleviate TQM operations challenges during the era of COVID-19.Exploratory research design was employed to obtain more information on the current textile manufacturing industry status and evaluate the COVID-19 impact on TQM. A qualitative approach was used to collect primary data through interviews. Seven employees were selected from BBSA to participate, with eight employees selected from TE. Collected data were captured and analysed through thematic analysis, using NVivo version 12. The research findings from in-depth interviews revealed serious challenges in the textile industry due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of the identified challenges at BBSA include disruption of operations, reduction in sales, and delays in orders. At TE the challenges during COVID-19 include inadequate training of employees, lack of resources, and ineffective communication. The study recommends textile companies stay informed regarding the COVID-19 situation; this will assist in making informed decisions about business operations, while also securing cash flow, such as having a contingency budget in place.
The antecedents and outcomes of supply chain collaboration: a study of Ghana’s downstream petroleum sector.
(2020) Acquah, Innocent Senyo Kwasi.; Naude, Micheline Juliana Alberta.; Soni, Sanjay Shantilal.
Organisations are becoming increasingly conscious of the fact that optimising the performance of the whole supply chain, instead of the individual organisations that constitute a supply chain, is the way to go. At the same time, uncertainty and changing customer expectations have made it abundantly clear that no single individual organisation has a monopoly over the efforts that lead to increased customer satisfaction. Products in Ghana’s downstream petroleum sector are mainly imported and therefore, susceptible to currency fluctuations. Furthermore, these products are undifferentiated, and the market, characterised with small margins making competition very keen, hence, internal efficiency and cost reduction are the keys to profits and survival. Though collaboration is one of the catalysts to competitive advantage and firm performance through cost reduction, how it relates to the dimensions its as antecedents and outcomes are, however, largely overlooked and neglected in the literature. Accordingly, it is inconclusive as to how the dimensions of collaborative culture, uncertainty and trust, influence supply chain collaboration as well as how supply chain collaboration influences the individual dimensions of collaborative advantage and firm performance in Ghana’s downstream petroleum sector. Drawing on the literature, this study, investigated the antecedents and outcomes of supply chain collaboration by examining through a comprehensive model, nine antecedents and seven outcomes of supply chain collaboration in the downstream petroleum sector. Collectivism, long-term orientation, power symmetry, uncertainty avoidance, benevolence, credibility microlevel uncertainty, meso-level uncertainty and macro-level uncertainty have been identified as the antecedents to supply chain collaboration. At the same time, process efficiency, business synergy, offering flexibility, quality, innovation, operational performance and financial performance were the outcome of supply chain collaboration. Theoretical underpinnings were drawn from Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), Resource-Based Theory (RBT), Resource Dependency Theory (RDT), Contingency Theory (CT) and Extended Resource-Based Theory (ERBT) to design the framework for the quantitative study. A mixed-methods approach, specifically the explanatory sequential mixed methods design made up of a quantitative survey of respondents, followed by semi-structured interviews, was adopted for the study. In the quantitative phase, a research model, made up of seventeen constructs, was developed and empirically tested, using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach to Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with survey data of 166 usable responses. To further explain the quantitative findings, eight semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed, using thematic analysis in the second qualitative phase of the study. Whereas SmartPLS 3 was used to examine the relationships among the constructs in the quantitative phase, Nvivo version 12 was used to analyse the semi-structured interview data in the second qualitative phase. The quantitative findings revealed statistically significant results for eleven out of sixteen hypothesised paths. The qualitative results converged with most of the hypothesised paths in the quantitative model. Given the findings, the study recommends that more considerable attention is given to collectivism, long-term orientation, power symmetry, uncertainty avoidance, micro-level uncertainty, meso-level uncertainty, macro-level uncertainty, credibility and benevolence if firms in the downstream petroleum sector are to encourage and promote supply chain collaboration. Moreover, the relationships between supply chain collaboration and the dimensions of collaborative advantage (i.e. process efficiency, offering flexibility, business synergy, quality and innovation) and firm performance (operational performance and financial performance) need careful attention, if managers in the petroleum downstream are to reap the benefits of supply chain collaboration. The contributions of this study are three-fold: first, the study contributes to the supply chain collaboration literature by answering the call for a sub-construct level exploration of the antecedents and outcomes of supply chain collaboration. The study’s second contribution to the supply chain collaboration literature is in the use of an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, involving a first quantitative phase and a follow-up second qualitative phase. Finally, the study provides a developing country perspective that augments the evolving literature on supply chain collaboration, its antecedents as well as its outcomes.
The assessment of sustainable supply chain management practices amongst selected manufacturing firms in Ghana=Ukuhlolwa kwezinqubo zokwenganyelwa ukusimamiswa kwezindlela zokusatshalaliswa kwempahla ezimbonini ezikhiqizayo eGhana ezikhethekile.
(2022) Nsowah, Johnson.; Phiri, Maxwell Agabu.
The study investigated whether the design and application of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) practices in the Ghanaian manufacturing business enhance their financial performance and make them environmentally and socially responsible. The study was guided by six theories: the contingency theory, the resource-based view (RBV), the relational-view theory (RVT), the innovation diffusion theory (IDV), the stakeholder theory and the resource dependence theory (RDT). The study was underpinned by a pragmatist paradigm and followed a mixed-methods methodology, which combined interviews and surveys questionnaires to gather qualitative and quantitative data from a sample of 303 employees of Ghanaian manufacturing firms and 20 individuals who lived nearby. The data analysis findings revealed that relational, instrumental, knowledge and moral factors have a significant and positive direct effect on SSCM practices. Moreover, SSCM practices have a positive and significant effect on the economic, environmental and social performance of manufacturing firms. Barriers to the adoption of SSCM practices were also revealed. The findings led to the recommendation that firms need to use environmentally friendly materials for their products and introduce standardized procedures for recycling and disassembling products. In addition, manufacturing enterprises should collaborate with suppliers to ensure that they also adhere to sustainability standards in their processes and deliver services/products that support sustainability goals. Iqoqa Ucwaningo lwahlola ukuthi ngabe ukwakhiwa nokusetshenziswa kwezinqubo zokwenganyelwa kwezindlela zokusatshalaliswa kwempahla ngendlela ecabangela ingomuso emabhizinisini akhiqizayo eGhana, kuyakuthuthukisa yini ukusebenzisa kwawo izimali, nokuthi kuyenzeka yini ukuthi anakekele imvelo nemiphakathi. Ucwaningo lwalulandela izinjulalwazi eziyisithupha: icontingency theory, iresource-based view (RBV), irelational-view theory (RVT), iinnovation diffusion theory (IDV), i-stakeholder theory neresource dependence theory (RDT). Lolu cwaningo lusekelwe yipharadaymu yokungenzeka lwase lulandela indlelakwenza engxube eyahlanganisa izinhlolovo nemibuzo eyisaveyi lapho kuqoqwa imininingo eyikhwalithethivu neyikhwantithethivu esampuleni labasebenzi abangama-303 bezimboni zaseGhana ezikhiqizayo nabantu abangama-20 abahlala eduze nazo. Imiphumela yohlaziyo lwemininingo yaveza ukuthi izimo eziphathelene nobudlelwane, nezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ulwazi nendlela yokuziphatha kunomthelela obalulekile nomuhle, kulezi zinqubo zokwenganyelwa kwezindlela zokusatshalaliswa kwempahla ngendlela ecabangela ingomuso. Okunye futhi ukuthi lezi zinqubo zinomthelela omuhle nobalulekile kwezomnotho, emvelweni nasekusebenzisaneni kahle nemiphakathi kwezimboni ezikhiqizayo. Kwavela nezithiyo ezikhona mayelana nokwamukelwa kwezinqubo zokwenganyelwa kwezindlela zokusatshalaliswa kwempahla ngendlela ecabangela ingomuso. Imiphumela yaholela ekuthini kuphakanyiswe ukuthi izimboni emikhiqizweni yazo zisebenzise izinto ezingayicekeli phansi indalo nemvelo, nokulandela izindlela ezihlelembekile zempindakusebenzisa nokuhlakaza imikhiqizo. Okunye futhi ukuthi amabhizinisi akhiqizayo kumele asebenzisane nalabo abahlinzeka ngezimpahla ukuze kube nesiqiniseko sokuthi nabo bayazilandela izinqubo ezihlelembekile nezicabangela ingomuso nokuthi bathumela imisebenzi/nemikhiqizo esekela izinhloso ezisimamayo.
An assessment of the management of information sharing in the order processing system at Diplomat South Africa.
(2023) Dlamini, Nokukhanya Khayelihle.; Phiri, Maxwell Agabu.; Ncube, Eric Dumisani.
Supply chain management is essential in steering an enterprise to success through coordinated activities of the value chain partners. The achievement of fast-moving consumer goods business organisations (FMCGs) has a direct relationship with the overall performance of supply chains, which are their principal distribution channel. Although it is known that sharing information improves the overall performance of a supply chain, information such as pricing or promotional strategy is often kept proprietary for competitive reasons. The supply chain of Diplomat South Africa (DSA), a Sales and Distribution company, and the corresponding supply chains were studied to establish whether the internal relationships enhanced the response to the customers’ requirements. The study was grounded in collaboration and integration theory, and a qualitative research methodology was used. Non-probability sampling was used, and five senior managers from the Sales Department, Demand Planning, Operations, Masta Data, and Credit control/Finance Department were selected from the firm and were interviewed. The data collected were transcribed, coded, and thematically interpreted using content analysis. The aim of the study was to assess the management of information sharing in the order processing systems at DSA. Further, to determine whether they can appropriately use the information sharing tool and the level of transparency of information sharing amongst the departments involved in the order processing. The outcome of the study indicated that supply chain problems were department-specific, and it is recommended that information sharing and supply chain management be cohesive throughout each department at Diplomat South Africa. Employees’ collaboration in the information sharing of the FMCGs at Diplomat South Africa would enhance the response to the client’s requirements.
Challenges experienced when outsourcing logistics in South Africa: a case of Lolli Supermarkets.
(2019) Gwala, Siphindile Adora.; Ncube, Eric Dumisani.; Mbhele, Thokozani Patmond.
The effective and efficient operation of distribution centres is a goal for all retailers using the distribution centre strategy. It therefore becomes imperative to strategically position all available resources in order to achieve a smooth operation. This has led to the emergence of outsourced logistics service providers in South Africa to enhance efficiencies while retail organisations focus on the core functions of their business. Lolli Supermarkets makes use of third party logistics (3PL) service providers to achieve delivery efficiencies and cost saving in the distribution centre. The aim of the study is to identify challenges and determine where 3PL service providers are fulfilling their strategic role and where they experience challenges that result in the provision of suboptimal services to distribution centres. This study further attempts to achieve the following: firstly, to identify the challenges Lolli Supermarkets experience with its reliance on 3PLs. Secondly, to determine whether 3PL service providers are fulfilling their strategic role to improve order replenishment. Lastly, to determine whether Lolli Supermarkets are experiencing challenges with 3PL service providers with regards to product availability and as a result provision of suboptimal services by the 3PL service provider. This allows the study to analyse the impact of outsourcing in retail organisations while also evaluating any changes that may be encountered under developing economy conditions. An exploratory design was used to identify the challenges that result in suboptimal services provided by 3PL service providers. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data collected from sixteen respondents who form part of Lolli Supermarkets management and two respondents who form part of management of the 3PL. The main findings reveal that 3PL service providers commit to creating efficiencies for the distribution centre through adhering to outbound plans, having service levels agreements in place, meeting the set key performance indicators, maintaining information flow to align goals of both parties, and operating in the most flexible manner to achieve efficient product delivery and enhance customer satisfaction. However, there are challenges that arise due to fluctuations in outbound volumes, communication breakdown, unpunctuality and the limited number of trucks available for use.
Challenges in green supply chain management in the pulp and paper industry: a KwaZulu-Natal case study.
(2017) Munemo, Nyasha Eugenia.; Salisbury, Roger Hans Theodore.
Although, the pulp and paper industry makes a substantial contribution to South Africa’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) it is also considered to be a major contributor to industrial pollution. As a result, various stakeholders have voiced their concerns forcing companies within the industry to seek alternative practices that support more environmentally friendly operations. This study sought to establish the impact of the industry on the environment as well as the green practices being implemented in the KwaZulu-Natal operations of a pulp and paper company to reduce this impact. The literature consulted for this study suggested that stakeholders such as customers, suppliers, activists and government, may influence a supply chain to become more environmentally friendly or may hinder its efforts to do so. These stakeholders were subsequently identified and their influence assessed. In many other industries, the integration of lean and green supply chain practices results in less operational waste and environmental harm because both paradigms support waste minimisation and both engage employees in continuous improvement. This research suggested ways in which these paradigms might be considered in a more holistic way to exploit possible synergies for the pulp and paper industry. The research was exploratory in nature and a case study approach was used. The transcripts of semi-structured interviews with senior managers in the chosen pulp and paper company were analysed in combination with secondary data. This direct content analysis provided insights into the current green practices of the company and the influence of stakeholders. Evidence was presented on the company’s considerable progress towards a greener supply chain through the introduction of appropriate technology and practices which mitigate its effect on the environment. Stakeholders played a significant role in enabling the company to achieve this. Customers demand certification by standards bodies such as the Forest Stewardship Council and the International Organisation for Standards regulates the industry and ensures that it protects the environment while local communities use waste produced by the company to produce value-added products. However, some suppliers hinder these efforts. It was concluded that the further integration of lean and green practices will allow the company to continue to reduce its impact on the environment.
Closed-loop supply chain opportunities for SMME retailers in the South African fashion industry=Amathuba e-closed-loop supply chain kosomabhizinisi abasafufusa eNingizimu Afrikha embonini yengqephu.
(2021) Muhwati, Chenai.; Salisbury, Roger Hans Theodore.
Abstract Enhancing the social and environmental sustainability of the fashion industry’s supply chain has become an important topic in recent commercial and scholarly discussions. Consequently, closed-loop supply chains are emerging as opportunities for stakeholders to extend their roles and reduce post-consumption waste. This circular approach has been pioneered by large international retailers in developed countries, with research focused on their perspectives. As a result, SMME stakeholders have been neglected, but they contribute substantially to South Africa’s emerging economy. This study addresses the gap in the literature by investigating the potential for closed-loop supply chains for South African based SMME retailers in the fashion industry. Furthermore, consumer perceptions of this approach had not been probed in African countries. Research also shows that younger consumers are more inclined to support sustainable practices. As a result, this study selected to explore the responses of university students as potential consumers and supporters of the activities of closed-loop supply chains to evaluate possible market opportunities. As an accessible, emerging economy committed to introducing more sustainable practices, South Africa provided a suitable location for the study. The study used a mixed methods approach to better establish the presence of opportunities through evaluating perceptions, from multiple stakeholders, regarding the collection, recovery and redistribution of used fashion. Qualitative data were collected using interviews conducted with twelve SMME retailers of new and used fashion, one Cut, Make and Trim stakeholder, and one non-profit organisation. Quantitative data were gathered from questionnaires answered by 300 university students from the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The findings reveal that there are opportunities for SMME retailers to adopt and coordinate closed-loop supply chains in South Africa. They also reveal that there is consumer willingness to participate in the activities of these systems. Based on these findings, the study provides a comprehensive decision support model to enable SMME retailers and their partners to exploit the opportunities presented by closed-loop supply chains, despite the limitations of their relatively small size and their operation in a developing country. Iqoqa Ukwengezelela ekusimamiseni inhlalo kanye nesimo emkhakheni wengqephu mayelana nemboni yokuhlinzeka ngezinto ezizoba izihloko ezibalulekile emuva kwezingxoxo ezifaka ukudayisa kanye nongoti. Umphumela walokho, ukuvala kokuhlinzeka kuletha amathuba kulabo abayingxeye ukuqhubezela iqhaza kanye nokunciphisa incithakalo. Lokhu kungumzungezo wokwenza kahle okuqhakambiswa abathengiselwa emazweni asethuthukile, nalolu cwaningo olugxile kweyabo imibono. Umphumela walokhu kube ukunganakekelwa kosomabhizinisi abasafufusa, kodwa kunikela esimisweni sokuvela komnotho eNingizimu Afrikha. Lesi sifundo silungisa igebe mayelana nemibhalo ephenya okungenzeka kwabahlinzeka abangosomabhizinisi eNingizimu Afrikha embonini yengqephu. Uma sinezezela, iso labathengi kule ndlela yokwenza alikaze livukuzwe eNingizimu Afrikha. Ucwaningo lubuye lutshengise ukuthi abathengi ebasebancane ibona abanogqozi lokusekela ukusebenza okusimeme. Njengomphumela, isifundo sakhetha ukuphenya izimpendulo zezitshudeni eNyuvesi njengabathengi kanye namasekeli ezenzweni ezivale i-loop yabahlinzeki nokuhlonza okungaba amathuba emakethe. Njengoba kufinyeleleka, ukuphakama komnotho kuzibophezela ekwethuleni ukwenza okusimeme eNingizimu Afrikha, kunika isizinda esikahle sokufundwayo. Okufundwayo kusebenzise izindlela zokwenza ezixubile ukwakha amathuba amanje ngokuhluza ukuma kwezinto, kwababambe iqhaza abahlukene, mayelana nokuqoqiwe, nokutholiwe kanye nokusabalalisa osekusebenzile kwengqephu. Ulwazi lwaqoqwa ngokwekhwalithethivu kusetshenziswa izingxoxo ezenziwa nabathengelwa abasebasha kanye nokusebenzisa ingqephu, ukusika, ukwakha nokwehlisa kwababambisene nokuthi kungabibikho nzuzo enhlanganweni. Ulwazi ngekhwantithethivu lwaqoqwa ngamaphepha emibuzo eyaphendulwa abafundi baseNyuvesi yakwaZulu-Natali. Imiphumela iveza ukuthi kunamathuba kosomabhizinisi abasafufusa ekuthatheni nasekuzimaziseni ukuvalwa kwe-loop yabahlinzeki eNingizimu Afrikha. Luphinde lwaveza ukuthi abathengi abekho madolonzima ekubambeni iqhaza kuzo zonke izinhlelo. Ngokuncika kule miphumela, lesi sifundo sinika ukusekelwa kokuthathwa kwenzinqumo ezisekela osomabhizinisi abasafufusa kanye nabalingani babo abaxhaphaza amathuba athulwe okuvaliwe kwe-loop yokuhlinzeka, ngaphandle kwemikhawulo emincane ngokosayizi kanye nokwenziwayo ezweni elisathuthuka.
Core competency analysis of a professional world class procurement practitioner, with specific reference to the Eskom Generation Division.
(2005) McCurrach, Melody.; Poulter, Mike.
Purchasing and supply education and training are vital to the success of Eskom and most importantly to the survival and growth of the profession. In the last decade, the field of procurement has been faced with many changes which have had dramatic impacts on the field of purchasing and supply chain and which ultimately have influenced education and training needs. Eskom is currently facing a number of key challenges to meet current increasing demand fuelled by economic growth and to manage a build program of some R84 billion over the next five years to meet future load demand. These challenges have to be met in the face of Chinese and Indian consumption of raw materials which is affecting their availability to Eskom suppliers. This is putting further strain on the procurement practitioners within the Generation Division who are required to be both highly skilled and knowledgeable in order to meet the challenges in this dynamic and competitive profession. However, continual poor audit results achieved by the majority of the Power Stations in addition to the inclusion of Procurement and competencies and skills development on the Big Five List of high risk areas, have been a clear signal that there is a major problem in the Procurement field, not only across the Generation Division, but Eskom wide and possibly country wide as well. Although the focus of this dissertation will be on the Generation Division, it is envisaged that the recommendations made will be able to be utilized Eskom wide and possibly even in other organizations external to Eskom. A three pronged approach was utilized when conducting the research. This approach consisted of an extensive literature review of the existing body of knowledge available, this was used in conjunction with surveys and interviews conducted. The results obtained from a sample of 89 procurement practitioners, managers and training practitioners were used to reach findings and to make conclusions. It is important to note that there is a dire lack of local information concerning the subject, overseas journals and books were thus used as a reference source a majority of the time. Although there is currently a Procurement Curriculum which Procurement Practitioners are required to complete, it was found that the curriculum did not meet the requirements of the practitioners and did not adequately provide them with the necessary competencies required of them to perform their tasks effectively. There is thus a dire need for this curriculum to be reviewed and to take into consideration the competencies required to assist the Procurement Practitioner to become world class and to elevate the status of the organization to that of a worldclass organization which possesses the competitive advantage. The above mentioned issue was however not seen to be the major issue. Other possibly more important issues were deemed to have also contributed to the poor audit results and subsequent poor image of Procurement. The major issue, the author believes is due to the fact that there is no professional body recognized by Eskom. This has contributed to a host of problems for example, lower graded jobs, discrepancies in grades between divisions, no standardized entry level criteria to name but a few issues. This has resulted in the Theory of Self Sealing Behavior taking place in the form of a de-motivated body of employees which in turn has contributed to the poor image procurement possesses in the organization. It is believed that if a new nationally recognized and credible professional body is created, a multitude of problems will be minimized. This body will however be required to provide guidance and a professional status which is so desperately required in the procurement field. It is furthermore believed that this will positively change the perception that management currently possesses of Procurement. Other important recommendations made include: • Generation Commercial Training to be re-linked to the Corporate Supply Chain Management Office which will enable the Department to provide guidance and World Class Procurement and Supply Chain Management Training Eskom wide. • Standardized entry level criteria. This should preferably be a Degree in Supply Chain Management. Further studies must be encouraged as it is envisaged that in the next decade a Masters Degree will be seen as the minimum requirement. Retention and succession plan policies must be encouraged to ensure that employees are retained and that a transfer of skills occurs. The survey conducted indicates that a majority of the people are over the age of 50. • The entire manner in which Commercial Training is currently training practitioners must be reviewed. For example, alternate training interventions must be introduced for example the internationally recognized International World Trade Centre Supply Chain Program. Alternate forms of training should be introduced for example, the reading of journals, updating of skills by looking at a video etc. The introduction of adult principles of learning into training interventions is of vital importance to ensure maximum transfer of learning. Senge (1990: 64) states that "Tackling a difficult problem is often a matter of seeing where the high leverage lies, a change which with minimum of effort - would lead to lasting, significant improvement." With this in mind it is suggested that the change which would have the highest leverage would be the introduction of a formalized coaching and mentoring system in Eskom. By utilizing the competencies and past experiences of the older people, coupled with the correct world class skills will ensure the success of this discipline. Without this sharing of knowledge, the required professional status will never be obtained. In conclusion it is believed that the current skills issues which are currently being experienced by Eskom are not unique to Eskom, there is currently a skills shortage country wide. However, because Eskom is such an significant and visible organization in South Africa it is imperative for the future economic growth of South Africa that there is a culture change in Eskom towards Procurement with the career development of purchasing and supply change management professionals being viewed as a top priority.
Demand chain planning operations within capacity constraints : Nestlé ZAR.
(2017) Mtshali, Nontobeko Nontokozo.; Mbhele, Thokozani Patmond.
Organisations are currently faced with difficulties in effectively aligning demand plans to the volatile environments in which they operate. While operating environments and consumer needs change, capacity capabilities often do not reflect the demand plans. The absence of alignment results in inaccurate forecasts, thus putting the long-term sustainability of a business at risk. The focus and aim of the study is to understand how demand planning operations are aligned with capacity constraints at Nestlé ZAR. A quantitative explorative case study research design is being used and data was collected through a structured self-administered questionnaire in this study. The final sample size is 86, which comprised of employees from Demand and Supply Planning, Finance and Control, Sales and Marketing divisions. The sample includes top management, middle management, first level management and non-management. Data analysis uses descriptive and multivariate statistics. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University Ethics Committee and ethical principles were observed throughout the study. The study findings show that the organisation of interest in this study was perceived as adhering to capacity planning principles. The majority of the respondents perceived positively the capacity demand planning process. An average of 50% scored 22, which indicated a relatively high positive perception with regards to demand chain principles. The majority of the participants responded positively to the statements that information sharing achieves demand chain coordination and improves collaborative demand planning. An average of 50% scored 24, which indicated a relatively high positive perception with regards to information sharing. The results showed few capacity constraints that were perceived or experienced in this organisation. An average of 50% scored 17 which indicated that a moderate number of participants experience capacity constraints. Although the Spearman correlation did not sure any significant relationship between variables of interest in this study, the findings showed a wide range in the distribution of the responses of the participants in some items. This study highlighted that there is no one single approach to improving demand chain performance, but it was evident that allowing collaborative demand plans by using quality information shared can reduce impact of capacity constraints and improve planning performance. This study recommended that top management should provide full support to information sharing initiatives to facilitate the demand planning process. A national study to be conducted as this was conducted in one province, with a limited sample size. Keywords: Demand chain, information sharing, capacity.
Developing a Black Soldier Fly supply chain that beneficiates organic wastes: a Durban case study.
(2022) Smith, Brandon.; Salisbury, Roger Hans Theodore.
As a result of the global population continuing to expand, the generation of waste is rapidly increasing. The global urban population generated 300,000 tonnes of waste a day in 1990. By 2000, this had increased to three million tonnes of waste a day, and is expected to double by 2025. The increasing volume of waste creates a number of problems including, but not limited to, the exploitation of natural resources and the expenses incurred handling the waste. The majority of waste generated is disposed of in landfills. Landfills are a major contributor to current environmental problems. Organic waste within landfills contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and toxic leachate in the soil and groundwater. There is commonly a build-up of flammable gases within landfills that pose health, safety and environmental risks. The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) is a wasp-like insect that has been identified as a potential consumer of organic waste that would otherwise be sent to landfills. The Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) are avid consumers of bio-degradable organic waste. Fully grown BSFL are rich in protein and fatty acids that provide opportunities for the production of various by- products. The purpose of this study is to assess the one commercial BSFL rearing site with operational documentation publicly available. The aim is to assess the on-site operations and develop a functional supply chain. The objectives of the study are to identify the stakeholders involved, understand the operations and logistical activity on-site and to identify key factors and variables within the operation. The study used a single case study approach to analyse documented data in a qualitative context. During the data analysis, each part of the operation was investigated and in summarising the findings, a diagram was presented to fulfil each objective. Each diagram was combined to create a functional supply chain for the BSFL operation. The supply chain outlines the key stakeholders, on-site processes and variables.
Digital supply chain distribution of music in the South Africa recording industry : Durban region.
(2015) Ramnandan, Praveena.; Mbhele, Thokozani Patmond.
The advent of the Internet as a music distribution channel led to significant transformation of the South African music industry at the end of the twentieth century. The Internet and electronic supply chain systems influences customers to migrate from physical product offerings to digital downloading platforms that offer access to digitalised music distribution and quasi-real-time consumption. While technological innovations have enhanced the digital distribution of music online, distribution systems have become a challenge within the supply chain network. This study aims to determine the implications of the paradigm shift in supply chain music distribution from analogue to digital. This research study has five objectives: firstly, to explore the challenges confronting the supply chain transition from analogue to digital music distribution systems; secondly, to examine the distribution operations processes for the digitalisation of music in relation to the effects of global market demand; thirdly, to evaluate the effects of supply chain value adding innovations in influencing digitalised music distribution and consumption in the recording industry; fourthly, to establish the extent of technological viability to which the Diffusion of Innovation theory enhances supply chain distribution competitiveness; and finally to assess the relative magnitude of supply chain competence and capability response to digital supply chain music distribution. The researcher selected an exploratory research design to explore digital music distribution in the South African recording industry. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis techniques are employed to analyse the data collected from 217 musicians. This study reveals several elements arising from the growth of digital music distribution in the Durban region, and makes a scholarly contribution to the promotion of the South African digital music market. The results provides support for: the disintermediation of physical retail stores which are perceived as the driver of digital music distribution; an increase in the number of independent artists and music entrepreneurs; and technologically compatible media devices that encourage more music downloads. The tools provided by the Internet inspire musicians to engage in creative music innovation, thereby creating global competitive standards. The study’s recommendations provides further insight and understanding of the digital music distribution sector.
Dimensions of supply risks in the supply of water: a case of Zululand District Municipality.
(2017) Khuzwayo, Sebenzile Ayanda.; Mbhele, Thokozani Patmond.
Increasing water shortage is providing an imperative to the measurement of water utilisation. So as to give a sensible picture of utilisation, this measurement ought to incorporate the operational activities of the municipality as well as to view from an end to end supply chain point of view. This study, subsequently, aimed to investigate the supply risks in the supply of water of the Zululand District Municipality. The study has four objectives; firstly to establish the degree of balance between water supply and demand characterized by driving forces of service delivery; secondly to determine the extent of supply risk management of water within the restraining forces of the Zululand District Municipality; thirdly to determine the magnitude response capacity of the Zululand District Municipality to mitigate the supply risk of water delivery; and lastly to analyse whether the integration of service delivery activities enhance the supply component of water. The case study is exploratory and a thematic analysis approach was adopted after gathering information through an in-depth interview. It became evident in this research that district municipalities lack the capacity to deliver water services due to a variety of supply chain risks faced by the municipality. The study also showed that the region is confronted with various risks with regard to supplying water to the community members of the surrounding area. The implications of water shortage negatively affect the livelihood and enhancement of the people neighbouring the Zululand region. Key concepts: Water Shortage, Water Supply, Service Delivery, Supply Risk Management, Supply Chain Risk
Dynamics of demand order management on the Just in Time approach: a case at a stationery distributor.
(2017) Maharaj, Serisha.; Mbhele, Thokozani Patmond.
The challenges of demand order management on the underlying Just in Time (JIT) approach need a long-term solution in order to reduce expenses and enhance supply chain performance. Demand management is a very important aspect of managing one’s organisation, especially in the presence of a volatile environment, full of competitors, global pressures and sustainability requirements. Thus, organisations are placed in a position where it has become necessary to implement strategies such as the JIT approach to meet demand with minimal resources and costs. Poor demand management decisions taken in forecasting therefore increase business risk and costs. The study aims to establish the effect of information sharing and collaborative forecasting within an organisation. The demand alignment may pose some problems leading to inefficiency in customer service, poor stock rotation and a high obsolescence rate aggravated by the diversity of products. Demand management sought the rapid and appropriate integration of the needs arising from the market in the direction of the suppliers in order to balance and strategically align demand with operational capacity along the supply chain. However, the concept of demand management is not yet understood by supply chain agents as the major cause of failure is accredited to not achieving chain coordination due to the poor understanding of demand leading to inadequate customer service, poor stock rotation and large obsolescence rates. The main aspects underpinning this study are: demand management; JIT; order fulfilment; information sharing; order synchronisation; and demand order variability and flexibility, and forecasting. The objectives of the study are: to determine the challenges of dynamic demand management under the JIT order fulfilment system; to establish the effects of information sharing and collaborative forecasting for efficient operational demand management; to explore the extent of demand order variability and flexibility on the underlying JIT system; and to analyse the role of order synchronisation fulfilment to facilitate the balanced alignment of demand and supply order management. The nature of this study suggests the use of an exploratory case study design to explore the dynamics of demand management with the JIT system employed by the organisation under study. A qualitative research approach was used in this study as it added more value when determining the issues faced in the organisation. The study was conducted in KwaZulu-Natal at the Durban head office. The sampling type employed was purposive sampling. The total sample size is three. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were used as a means of data collection. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data in the primary qualitative research in this study. The findings of this study suggest that communication and real-time data are matters of concern. These factors contribute to the poor demand management in the organisation. The results indicate that improvements in these aspects are imperative to the success of demand management processes. Effective management of communication between departments is recommended as well as more involvement from top management. Information systems that provide real time data should also be adopted. The managerial implications indicate that demand management does not depend on one specific department and is the responsibility of every supply chain member involved in the supply chain network as synchronisation plays a vital role in the balancing of demand and supply.
Dynamics of short-term operations scheduling in systematic supply chain distribution centres.
(2014) Jojozi, Fani Nicholas.; Mbhele, Thokozani Patmond.
A warehouse or distribution centre has a key and vital role to play in the success of modern supply chains within business in recent times – where the term ‘warehouse’ is referred to as the commercial buildings for buffering and storing of goods. Cross docking on the other hand is more concerned with the minimisation of transportation costs within the supply chain. In as much as it is a warehouse, cross docking looks at the transit of shipment of inbound goods to their prescribed destination within a period of less than 24 hours with no intention of keeping an inventory. One of the motivating facts that drive warehouses and distribution centres into being more efficient are the customer demands to deliver the requested shipments on time, in the right quantity, in the right place with affordable price. In this study, the researcher analyses the dynamics of short-term scheduling in systematic supply chain distribution centres. The aim is to understand inbound and outbound operations, internal information sharing and to understand the role of short-term scheduling on resolving bottleneck. The phenomena of short-term scheduling is modeled by efficient scheduling of trucks, challenges encountered from inbound right through to outbound and the magnitude of information sharing within and among supply chain partners.
The effect of omni-distribution systems in managing demand order fulfilment frequencies : an apparel retailer.
(2016) Rambaran, Sanjana.; Mbhele, Thokozani Patmond.
There is no gainsaying that the world of business is characterised by its own set of commercial dynamics. It is within this milieu that the study explores the emerging strategies that characterise the world of commerce with its myriad challenges. In the prevailing commercial environment it is observed that retailers are adopting the omni-channel approach as customers demand a more seamless shopping experience. To remain competitive, distribution networks are challenged to fulfil volatile customer demand from the omni-channel. South African retailers have taken to digital platforms despite barriers to entry in respect of the high cost of broad band and logistics challenges The research objectives of this study aim firstly, to determine the effects of omni-channel retail adoption by retail apparel companies in managing the transformation of the supply chain retail distribution systems; secondly, to examine the extent of relative change in demand to which the distribution systems enhance frequencies of order fulfilment, lead time and cycle time and fill rate; thirdly, to ascertain how the demand-driven omni-distribution systems influence the order fulfilment frequencies in a designated supply chain network; and finally, to establish the perceived contribution of integrated information systems towards information sharing and visibility within the virtual omni-distribution network. Omni-channel retailing is a contemporary topic with very little literature available especially in a South African context. The study employs deductive reasoning with the use of an exploratory case study which adopts a mixed-method approach. The exploratory nature of the study involves the exploration of new phenomena to understand the relationship between variables using interviews and a survey to collect data. Based on a population of 333 managers from 161 stores, 175 assistant store managers, store managers and area managers were surveyed and 13 senior managers and directors from Retailer X and the third party logistics (3PL) were interviewed. The univariate and bivariate methods were used for quantitative analysis while content analysis was used in the qualitative approach. The study reveals that the dispersed landscape and spectrum of cost consciousness to convenience focused customers warrants a customized distribution approach for South African retailers. Using the principles of leagility under the push-pull theory, cost and lead time has to be managed to achieve perfect order fulfilment.
The effectiveness of Eskom's Black economic empowerment programme in fostering sustainable business : a study into the implementation of the programme in Eskom transmission.
(2008) Langenhoven, Henk.; Poulter, Mike.
This study sets out to test the hypothesis that the Eskom Black Economic Empowerment, as implemented by the Transmission Division of Eskom Holdings Limited, has had only limited success in fostering sustainable businesses. Although Eskom Transmission has been reporting excellent achievements in terms of the programme, the author argues that the performance measures are flawed in that they do not distinguish between small black owned businesses and large international businesses which conform to the Eskom definition of a Black Economic Empowerment supplier. Large companies with at least a 10% black shareholding, and meeting other criteria in terms of skills transfer, black management and procurement from other black owned suppliers could qualify as a Black Economic Empowered supplier. By including spend on such suppliers together with the Transmission spend on small, black owned suppliers, distorts the effects of the programme. The research has highlighted the following concerns: • The most important reason that employees support the BEE programme is because it is a policy requirement; • No development of suppliers apart from the indiscriminate use of price matching and setting aside of contracts; • Supplier assessments are inconsistent and are not always transparent; • Contract conditions and contracting methods are not always conducive to growth and development of small suppliers; • Minimal performance evaluation of suppliers is conducted; • The BEE programme is perceived as being most successful in enriching a few elite black individuals. In addition, it is perceived as having been successful in the creation of non value adding agents for white owned companies;Henk Langenhoven - MComm UKZN 2005 • Very few respondents to the survey indicated that they spend any time on the development of or giving advice to suppliers; • There is a 50% impression that BEE suppliers are capable of taking part in Eskom Transmission business; • A very low percentage of Small Medium and Micro Enterprises and Black Woman Owned suppliers applying for listing in the database are qualified to supply Eskom Transmission; • The very same suppliers tend to win contracts all the time, hence the indication is that there are few new entrants; • Historically, the indication is that the suppliers have generally have been on the database since before the implementation of the BEE programme. They have continuously changed ownership to keep pace with the changing requirements of policy; • The support ofBWO suppliers has come at the direct expense ofSMME suppliers. Recommendations derived from this research include: • Continuing with the current BEE reporting which is external to Eskom, but • Enhancing Key Performance Indicators to include measurements and targets for job creation as well as support of both SMME and BWO suppliers; • Structured supplier development programme with dedicated resources to take ownership of the programme; • Consideration is to be given to the methods of contracting when dealing with SMME and BWO suppliers; • Supplier performance evaluation is to be enhanced for inclusion of a wider spectrum of suppliers and end users.
Effects of intermodal transportation networks on the inbound and outbound Durban containerisation.
(2014) Govender, Nerissa.; Mbhele, Thokozani Patmond.
The use of containers can be noted to focus entirely on the transportation of shipments with the use of intermodal networks. Those intermodal transportation networks commonly utilise inbound (sea networks) and outbound (road networks) frameworks. The structural design of the Durban Port facilitates movement and creates a transitional configuration of networks to function. The objectives of this study aim to understand the effects of capacity constraints on transitional inbound and outbound containerisation within the Durban harbour intermodal networks. It further attempts to establish the intermodal relationship of containerisation between the transitional shipping and road freight transportation networks. Finally, to examine the role of the Durban Port customs system in cargo clearing and forwarding processes. The nature of this study will be triangulation where both qualitative and quantitative studies are being used. The current logistical system in Durban has negatively impacted the transportation sector. Therefore, there is a need for developmental and strategic approaches to ensure that infrastructure is maintained and improved to accommodate the increase in international trade. The factors contributing to containerisation in relation to transitional transportation networks can create negative elemental designs, especially with the increase in global trade. Overweight containers can lead to mishandling and incorrect stowage capabilities on board shipping vessels. Deficiencies in technological systems such as the newly introduced NAVIS SPARCS increase the chances of longer standing time and cargo dwelling time. These systems were meant to streamline the movement of cargo from inbound to outbound; instead, there have been significant capacity constraints. Such constraints experienced at the Durban Port have led to congestion that has weakened business development. Delivery and cycle time have lengthened, resulting in inefficient service delivery on the part of facilitators and forwarding agents. The outbound transportation networks have struggled to maintain efficient and effective delivery time and service status due to their inability to facilitate the timeous movement of containers through customs for final delivery.
Emerging technology influences on the merchandise practises of a retailer: a study of Massbuild South Africa.
(2021) Rajkumar, Amelia.; Ramasamy-Gurayah, Jayrusha.
Background: Retailers across the globe are embracing technological advancements in their merchandise and distribution processes. Technology is changing the way every retailer conducts business by helping to create efficiencies, save money, and provide better products and services. Retail companies are also adopting technology to their advantage. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to understand the impact newer technology implementation has on a retailer’s processes, specifically regarding merchandise and distribution. The study examined the current technology available to Massbuild and how these factors impact its daily processes. A prominent challenge in retail is the implementation phase of adopting newer technology, which requires management decision-making. Methodology: This research study is exploratory. The methodology was qualitative and utilised a semi-structured in-depth interview approach with twelve senior management employees at Massbuild. A purposive sampling method was used to help select participants who fit the criterion. The empirical findings provide insightful and vital information on the benefits and challenges of technology on merchandise and distribution processes. Findings: The research findings highlight the emerging technologies that will help a retailer focus on improving existing merchandise and distribution processes. The research participants interviewed emphasised particular technologies used by Massbuild and its evolutionary change over the past ten years. There has been a strong emphasis on automation, artificial intelligence and assortment optimisation within Massbuild. Regarding implementation of technology, interview participants provided insight into possible solutions to challenges they encounter within their respective employment roles. Contribution: Technology is at the forefront of retail and is continually evolving. There are in-depth studies available regarding technology in retail, especially with the influence of the fourth industrial revolution. This research provides fresh insights into the retail field of merchandise and distribution, and provides fruitful insight for future researchers.
An exploratory study of total quality management challenges during coronavirus disease: a case of Durban textile companies.
(2022) Mbele, Khulani.; Ncube, Eric Dumisani.
This research focused on Total Quality Management (TQM) as an operations challenge in the textile manufacturing sector during the era of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19), with the focus on textile manufacturing sector companies. South African textile companies based in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, include Best Branding South Africa (BBSA) and Textiles Express (TE) were selected for the study. TQM is a philosophy that seeks to integrate all organisational functions such as marketing, finance, supply chain, and engineering, as well as production, and customer service, to focus on meeting customer needs and company objectives. Customer satisfaction is the main driving force in TQM and involves top management. One of the biggest challenges in the textile manufacturing sector is that COVID-19 has severely affected TQM operations. Some of the operational challenges include, but are not limited to such as, machine failures, materials, and rejects. The COVID-19 pandemic had an immediate effect on textile sales, trade, and production. TQM operational challenges include shutting down business operations, the decline in revenues, and a reduction in production. The main study aim was to determine the COVID-19 pandemic impact on TQM within the textile manufacturing sector. The objectives of the study include: determining operations challenges faced in TQM attributable to COVID-19, regarding planning at the two textile companies, BBSA and TE. Second, to examine strategies employed in the textile manufacturing sector by BBSA and TE to solve these TQM operations challenges. Third, to explore which strategies were used by BBSA and TE to assess the COVID-19 impact on TQM. Last, to determine mitigation measures BBSA and TE employed to alleviate TQM operations challenges during the era of COVID-19. Exploratory research design was employed to obtain more information on the current textile manufacturing industry status and evaluate the COVID-19 impact on TQM. A qualitative approach was used to collect primary data through interviews. Seven employees were selected from BBSA to participate, with eight employees selected from TE. Collected data were captured and analysed through thematic analysis, using NVivo version 12. The research findings from in-depth interviews revealed serious challenges in the textile industry due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Some of the identified challenges at BBSA include disruption of operations, reduction in sales, and delays in orders. At TE the challenges during COVID-19 include inadequate training of employees, lack of resources, and ineffective communication. The study recommends textile companies stay informed regarding the COVID-19 situation; this will assist in making informed decisions about business operations, while also securing cash flow, such as having a contingency budget in place.

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