Shoot apex culture of Acacia mearnsii (De wild)
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Date
2007
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Abstract
Research into the micropropagation of black wattle in South Africa is important for two reasons. Firstly micropropagation technology allows breeders to select and propagate mature tissue, which in turn allows them to better capture selected traits. Secondly, tissue culture may control the highly invasive nature of black wattle. If triploid black wattle can be developed, foresters will then have to rely on clonal propagation to supply material for their growing operations. This research was part of the Institute for Commercial Forestry’s Acacia mearnsii vegetative propagation programme. The main focus of this research was to overcome various problems associated with direct organogenesis of ex vitro material. The shoot apex region was used as the explant in all studies because this region is thought to harbour relatively few internal microbial contaminants and is of sufficient size to withstand stresses associated with micropropagation. The initial research was focussed on the screening of sterilants, searching for a viable alternative to mercuric chloride. Surface sterilisation is integral to any micropropagation technique. This process should do the least amount of plant damage, whilst reducing microbial contamination to an acceptable level. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 BA and monitored for signs of contamination and shooting. Household bleach proved an excellent alternative to mercuric chloride because it did significantly less damage to the explants than mercuric chloride and is handled easily. There was no significant effect of sterilant exposure time on explant decontamination levels, whilst the shortest exposure time resulted in significantly higher levels of shoot development than the other two times tested. The results of this initial research was developed into a protocol and utilised in subsequent investigations.
Due to a considerable variation in the success of the developed surface sterilisation protocol according to different times of the year, a further investigation into the effects of season and mother plant material on shoot apex culture of Acacia mearnsii was undertaken. The success of any tissue culture technique depends on a large array of ex vitro and in vitro variables. The objective of this research was to determine the
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effect of two ex vitro variables, season and mother plant, on shoot apex culture of Acacia mearnsii. Explants from individual mother plants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 BA during four separate seasons and monitored for signs of contamination and shooting. Spring was found to be the best harvesting season because spring explants showed significantly higher decontaminated explant levels and shooting levels than explants harvested in the other three seasons. The effect of mother plant selection on the performance of Acacia mearnsii explants during shoot apex culture was also found to be significant, especially with regard to shooting levels. Finally factors influencing shoot elongation of A. mearnsii during shoot apex culture were investigated. In the past, induction of shoot elongation during micropropagation of A. mearnsii was attained through the addition of plant growth regulators and other supplements to the basal culture medium. However, some micropropagation methods in other species have utilised red light as a means of promoting shoot elongation. The objective of this study was to test the effects of an alternative basal medium, red light and differing concentrations of chemical additions to the culture medium on shoot elongation of Acacia mearnsii during shoot apex culture. Four independent experiments were undertaken comparing: shoot elongation on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) to the MS basal medium control; shoot elongation under a red cellophane box compared to control culture light conditions; shoot elongation on media supplemented with various concentrations of GA3 to the un-supplemented control and shoot elongation on media supplemented with combinations of BA and IBA compared to a control. Although no significant effects were observed, many trends were noted. The results indicated that there was no advantage to using WPM instead of MS medium when attempting to elongate shoots, rejuvenated through shoot apex culture of A. mearnsii, whilst the effect of GA3 showed a negative trend. The effects of red light and some BA and IBA combinations showed positive trends on the elongation of initiated shoots.
This research successfully addressed some of the problems associated with micropropagation of A. mearnsii. Shoot apex culture shows promise and further research into this technique should be considered. A viable surface sterilant alternative to mercuric chloride was successfully identified. This alternative is not only
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safer to use but shows a large reduction in phytotoxic effects. The effects of season and mother plant on shoot apex culture was successfully investigated, resulting in a better understanding of mother plant influences on tissue culture as well as the identification of an optimum season for explant selection. Finally two possible shoot elongation promoters were identified for further research and a more affordable alternative to red light sources and screens was identified.
Description
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.
Keywords
Acacia mearnsii., Plant tissue culture., Acacia mearnsii--Micropropagation., Acacia mearnsii--Growth--Research., Wattles (Plants)--Propagation., Acacia mearnsii--Propagation., Acacia mearnsii--Research--South Africa., Wattles (Plants)--Research--South Africa., Plant micropropagation., Theses--Plant pathology.