Occurrence of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus and prospects of improving resistance in local cowpea landraces in Uganda.

Abstract

Viral diseases are a major limiting factor to cowpea production in many countries of Africa. In Uganda, studies indicated that the cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) is common and a potential threat to cowpea production in the region. There have been no efforts to develop cowpea cultivars with resistance to CABMV in Uganda. This work focused on the development of cultivars resistant to CABMV. Production of cowpea in Uganda is constrained by several factors, including a lack of awareness of diseases among the majority of farmers. A participatory rural appraisal (PRA) was conducted to elicit farmers’ indigenous knowledge of cowpea production and also to gain insight into their understanding of viral diseases affecting cowpea in Uganda. PRA tools such as group discussions, transect walks, problem listing and ranking were used to gather information. Insect pests, diseases, low yielding cultivars and the high cost of pesticides were perceived to be the most important production constraints. Farmers were not aware of the problem of virus diseases, but provided descriptive names of symptoms. Only three cowpea cultivars (Ebelat, Ecirikukwai and Blackcowpea) were produced in the area. Seed size and colour were seen as important traits in new varieties. Information about the occurrence, distribution and identity of cowpea viruses is limited in Uganda. The objective of this study was to identify the important cowpea virus diseases occurring naturally in the major cowpea growing regions of Uganda. Surveys were conducted to determine the incidence and severity of virus symptoms in four districts (Soroti, Kumi, Pallisa and Tororo) in 2004 and 2005. The incidence ranged from 40.5 to 94.4% and severity ranged from 15.0 to 30.6% (for Kumi and Pallisa districts, respectively) during the 2004 surveys. In 2005, the incidence ranged from 55.9 to 85.4% and severity ranged from 4.7 to 14.5% (for Tororo and Soroti districts, respectively). The CABMV, cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV), cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were serologically detected by double antibody sandwich enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). Fifty four improved cowpea genotypes were screened for resistance to CABMV during the first season of 2004 at Serere Agricultural and Animal Production Research Institute in Uganda. Further screening was conducted in the second season of 2004 using 27 genotypes. The genotypes were planted in single rows between the rows of the susceptible cultivar, Ebelat. This was to provide high pressure of aphid vector (Aphis craccivora Koch) and CABMV inoculum. In addition, the test genotypes were artificially inoculated with a CABMV extract on fully expanded primary leaves of fourteen day-old seedlings. The CABMV incidence and severity was assessed. Disease severity was assessed on a 0-60% visual estimation scale where 0 = with no symptoms and 60 = with severe symptoms. Serological analysis was conducted using DAS-ELISA. Five genotypes showed good levels of resistance to CABMV, namely MU-93, IT82D-889, IT82D-516-2, IT85F-2841 and SECOW-2W. These resistant lines were crossed with three susceptible local landraces, namely Ebelat, Ecirikukwai and Blackcowpea in a North Carolina II mating design. The F1, F2 and BC1F1 populations and the parents were evaluated in the field to assess the response to CABMV and to study the inheritance of resistance to CABMV. The general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were significant, indicating that both additive and non-additive genetic factors are important in determining the control of CABMV in cowpea. The proportions (%) of the sum of squares for crosses attributable to GCA and SCA for CABMV severity were 51.4% for GCA due to females, 8.4% for GCA due to males and 40.2% for the SCA. The narrow-sense heritability estimates, obtained by regressing F1 on mid-parents was 0.87 and 0.84, F2 on F1 progenies 0.49 and 0.48, and F2 progenies on mid-parents 0.63 and 0.79, for AUDPC and final disease severity, respectively. Single gene conditioned resistance in seven populations, but resistance was quantitatively inherited and involved many genes in eight populations. Observation of transgressive segregation and moderate to high heritability suggests a quantitative mode of gene action and the importance of additive effects. The predominance of GCA variance, high heritability estimates and observation of transgressive segregation suggested that resistance could be improved by selection.