Browsing by Author "Khan, Sultan."

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An investigation of indigenous knowledge systems as a survival strategy for the displaced Tokwe Mukosi flood Victims in Chingwizi Camp, Zimbabwe = Uphenyo lwezinhlelo zolwazi lwendabuko njengesu lokuzisindisa/lokuziphilisa kwabantu baseChingwizi Camp abasuka ezindaweni zabo emva kokuhlaselwa yizikhukhula zase Tokwe Mukosi, eZimbabwe.
(2023) Mverecha, Kainos.; Khan, Sultan.
The study was a sociological investigation of the Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) as a survival strategy for the displaced Tokwe Mukosi flood victims at Chingwizi Camp in Zimbabwe. The study focused on the use and application of IKS by the displaced Shona-speaking people who were controversially settled at Chingwizi following the induced displacements. Of paramount importance is the argument that IKS is a better home-grown and local survival strategy and skills to cope, correct and provide a remedy to the predicament that the displaced Tokwe Mukosi flood victims are currently facing as a result of the unplanned relocation which led to the dismantling of the victim’s livelihoods. Thus, reports on the Chingwizi camp have often badly undermined human rationality and this attitude calls for immediate attention and hence needs urgent correction. The study adopted a qualitative research methodology and utilised key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, documentary evidence and individual experiences. The study purposively selected twenty (20) Shona-speaking people who were involuntarily displaced from Tokwe Mukosi and controversially settled at Chingwizi Camp in Mwenezi district, southern Zimbabwe. No matter how bad the Chingwizi camp situation could be, reason has the power to invent and change the bad nature of the Chingwizi environment into a good, liveable and affordable state. It emerged from the study that IKSs have remained the most valuable resource owned by rural people for sustainable development. The study established that most of the IKSs in Chingwizi community have been fully utilised, functioning as a guide for addressing challenges associated with people in all dimensions or facets of life, for instance, in health where they rely on traditional medicine. IKSs have been recognised and fully utilised by the Chingwizi community as they were found to be capable of providing moral guidelines against the current development challenges. Based on the information collected from the twenty (20) respondents and twelve (12) key informants which includes, traditional authorities, institutions like health, education, and churches among others, the study concluded that the use and application of IKS had significantly contributed to circumventing the socio-economic challenges confronting the flood victims in Chingwizi Camp. Iqoqa. Lolu cwaningo luwuphenyo lwezenhlalo yomphakathi olumayelana nezinhlelo zolwazi lwendabuko olwaziwa nge-Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) ekuziphiliseni kwabantu abashiya izindawo zabo eTokwe Mukosi emva kwezikhukhula bazithola sebehlala eChingwizi Camp eZimbabwe. Ucwaningo lwagxila ekusebenzeni kanye nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-IKS yilabo bantu abangamaShona ababekwa eChingwizi ngendlela eyasusa umsindo emva kokususwa kwabo ezindaweni zabo ngezizathu ezazidalwe ngenhloso. Okubaluleke kakhulu yinkolelo yokuthi i-IKS yilona lisu elaziwayo kubantu lokuziphilisa kanye namakhono okubhekana nesimo, ukulungisa kanye nokuveza ikhambi kule nkinga ababhekene nayo njengamanje abantu abahlukunyezwa yizikhukhula zaseTokwe Mukosi ngenxa yokuthuthelwa endaweni entsha ngokungenhloso yabo kwagcina sekuthikamezeke izindlela zabo zokuziphilisa. Ngakho-ke, imibiko emayelana neChingwizi Camp ayethuli isithombe esihle ngokucabanga kahle kwabantu, kanti lokhu kwenza ukuthi kube nesidingo sokungenelela okusheshayo okusho ukuthi kudingeka ukulungiswa kwesimo okusheshayo.. Ucwaningo lwasebenzisa indlelakwenza yokucwaninga eyikhwalithethivu futhi yasebenzisa izingxoxo nabanolwazi, izingxoxo ezijulile, izingxoxo namaqoqo acwaningwayo, ubufakazi obusemiqulwini kanye nezimo zokuphila kwabantu ngamunye. Abacwaningi bakhetha ngenhloso abantu abakhuluma isiShona abangamashumi amabili (20) abususwa ngenkani eTokwe Mukosi bahlaliswa eChingwizi Camp esifundeni saseMwenezi, eningizimu yeZimbabwe ngendlela eyasusa umsindo. Akukhathalekile ukuthi isimo saseChingwini Camp sibi kangakanani kepha ukucabanga ngobuhlakani kunamandla okuthola izindlela ezintsha ezingaguqula ububi bendawo yaseChingwizi kube yinto enhle. Kwavela ocwaningweni i-IKS iseloku iyinsiza ebalulekile kubantu basemakhaya ekuzithuthukiseni okusimeme. Ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi okuningi kwe-IKS emphakathini waseChingwizi kusetshenziswe njengomhlahlandlela wokubhekana nezinselelo ezikhungethe abantu ezinhleni ezahlukahlukene zempilo, njengezempilo lapho kuthenjelwa khona emithini yendabuko. Ama-IKS amukelwe futhi asetshenziswa umphakathi waseChingwizi ngoba ayakwazi ukunikeza inkombandlela yokuphathwa kwezimilo ngaphansi kwezinselelo zempilo yamanje. Olwazini olwatholakala kwabaphendulayo abangamashumi amabili (20) kanye nabanolwazi abayishumi nambili (12) okukhona kubo abasekhundleni zendabuko, izinhlangano/izikhungo zezempilo, ezemfundo, kanye namasonto, ucwaningo lwafika esiphethweni sokuthi ukusebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-IKS kunegalelo elibalulekile ekugwemeni izinselelo zezenhlalo-mnotho ababhekene nazo abantu baseChingwizi Camp abahlukunyezwa yizikhukhula.
Assessing the effects of economic participation of Burundian migrants in Durban’s informal economy.
(2024) Hassan, Niyonkuru.; Khan, Sultan.
Economic issues are typically at the heart of migration decisions globally. Disparities in incomes between countries play a major role in motivating people with different levels of skills to migrate from developing countries to countries with more developed economies in search of secure livelihoods and improved quality of life. In Africa, South Africa is the leading migration destination country in Sub- Saharan Africa because of its buoyant economy and relative security. However, upon arriving migrants are confronted with the harsh reality of unemployment and little support from the host countries with a high level of discrimination from natives. Additionally, lack of assistance and empathy from non-profit organizations compound the situation further. Boxed into a corner and a hopelessness migrants have no alternative but to take up informal income generating activities. The informal sector plays a significant role in addressing unemployment among migrants. Street trading, which is the most visible sector of the informal economy, has been blamed for urban decay and the negative impact it has on the urbanization of different cities across South Africa. Such views have contributed to the challenges of street traders and have affected how they make a living. Street trading is a growing phenomenon in the Central Businesses Districts (CBDs) where many are people dependent on the practice of street trading for livelihoods. Durban has a large number of informal sector traders operating in the center’s streets, corners and road reserves. The city’s informal sector is constrained by inadequate infrastructure, poor policy implementation, negligence from the city authorities, inadequate trading spaces and contradictory policies from local and national government. The space scarcity is worsened by the involvement of the formal sector in space allocation and control. Environmental pollution is prevalent and spatial organization on income activity patterns. The informal sector is inherently a challenging environment for those eking out a living in the shadows of the formal economy. However, the challenges are more acute for African migrants on the periphery of the Durban’s formal economy. It is in this context that the study explores challenges that are faced by Burundian migrants in Durban‘s informal economy. The study will highlight various livelihood activities of Burundian migrants in the city of Durban. It will further seek to understand the nature, types of activities that Burundian migrants are involved in to survive in Durban. Finally, the study will provide an understanding into the misconception that foreign owned businesses has no benefits to the city and to the country as a whole.
Assessing the relationship between sports engagement and school performance amongst learners in Chesterville Secondary school, Durban.
(2011) Mayeza, Emmanuel Simo.; Khan, Sultan.
There is a growing body of knowledge in the field of sociology of sports and education which speaks to the positive relationship between youth engagement in organised sports and school performance. These sources of knowledge are largely confined to the developed countries in Europe and North America addressing the impact of organised sports on Positive Youth Development (PYD). In a developing context such as South Africa, which is undergoing rapid transformation from the previous legacy of apartheid, youth are defined as being at risk especially in light of the vast levels of social and economic inequalities which threatens its newly found democracy. It is in this context, the study located in a historically disadvantaged high school in the township of Chesterville in the Metropolitan Area of Durban, examines the role of school sports engagement as an element of PYD in enhancing school performance. The study seeks to assess the applicability of PYD principles in a developing and historically disadvantaged context within a school setting with the purpose of making contribution towards intervention programmes for the vast majority of South African youth who are considered to be at risk. Using a sample of 100 male and female learners in Grades 11 and 12 with an equal distribution of sports engaged and non-engaged, the study tests the principles of two PYD elements in respect of school Competence and Contribution to community. The study is of an exploratory nature on the applicability of PYD programmes in a context such as South Africa and does not purport to be conclusive, but instead the merit of a study of this nature is to set the foundation for future research studies in the fields of sociology of sports and education in order to intervene on the different social, political and economic volatility that South African youth are challenged within a democratic era.
An assessment of Nigeria’s counter-terrorism policies against Boko Haram.
(2017) Faluyi, Olumuyiwa Temitope.; Khan, Sultan.; Akinola, Adeoye Ologuntoye.
Boko Haram has perpetrated its terrorist acts within Nigeria and the Lake Chad Basin since 2009. This has drawn local and international attention. The modus operandi of the sect has taken the forms of shootings, kidnappings and use of Improvised Explosive Devices. The Nigerian government has responded to the Boko Haram quagmire. However, despite government’s response, the sect has continued to unleash its terror. This study seeks to assess government’s counter-terrorism policies against Boko Haram. This culminated into the generation of salient questions like what the policies are, factors that informed government’s rationale for adopting these policies, how effective the policies have been and how government can have pro active strategies to address the Boko Haram crisis. Systems and state fragility theories were used as the theoretical lens that guided the study. The systems theory was used to explain factors that informed the adoption of government’s counter-terrorism polices and why feedback is necessary. The feedback is necessary in order to discover flaws in a policy so that such flaws can be addressed and better polices can be made and implemented. This is the thrust of this study. The state fragility theory was used to explain how the weakness of the Nigerian state aided the emergence of Boko Haram and has also affected Nigeria’s counter-terrorism policies in mitigating the excesses of Boko Haram. The weakness of the Nigerian state is hinged on weak state institutions which has manifested through economic inequality, poverty, porosity of border, brutality of the security apparatus and political instability. The study adopted qualitative data analysis method. This was actualised through the review and assessment of journals, books, reports, newspapers and media reports. The study assessed National Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the Legislative Acts directed towards counter-terrorism in order to have a robust assessment. The policies are deemed weak due to poor implementation caused by weak state institutions. The manifestations of a fragile state were seen as factors responsible for the non optimal performance of these policies in the course of implementation. The need to strengthen state institutions was given as suggestion on how to make the policies work effectively.
An exploration of indigenous knowledge systems and environmental conservation towards climate change.
(2022) Mzobe, Vukani Vincent.; Khan, Sultan.
This dissertation looks to examine the feasibility of environmental conservation methods and approaches used in the Global North to the sustainability of Indigenous communities and their environments in the global South. The study provides a platform for continued efforts and approaches toward Indigenous knowledge systems and Indigenous communities. The study then draws on environmental conservation discourse, methods, and contributions to tackling environmental issues and concerns that directly and indirectly affect not only Indigenous peoples but their larger societies. There is vast array of literature that might help and further the discourse of environmental conservation and discourse beyond their socio-economic regions. With the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the international community is committed to addressing a substantial number of challenges. Among those emphasised by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) are highly relevant for Indigenous groups. Education, poverty, access to justice and climate change are only just the tips of the issues affecting Indigenous people’s lives. Yet, Indigenous groups are not passive actors. Despite being at the mercy of climate hazards and misleading political decisions, the knowledge system they have developed throughout the centuries has helped them to successfully respond to ecological and development challenges. The study used desktop research, which is qualitative. It used secondary data to examine studies and efforts toward improving the environmental conservation methods and approaches that are directed towards improving the lives of Indigenous communities. The study examined a variety of data, studies, organizational contributions, and projects. The study showed that before any workable progress can be reached, methods and approaches to environmental discourse and actions need to be aware of the unique requirements of Indigenous communities both in the Global North and South.
An exploration of poverty and socio-cultural factors on young people's access to higher education in Kogi State, Nigeria.
(2017) Durowaiye, Babatunde Emmanuel.; Khan, Sultan.
This thesis is based on research, which explores young people‟s access to higher education as shaped, by poverty and socio-cultural factors in Kogi state, north Central Nigeria. It is occasioned by the absence of young people‟s voices from existing literatures which examined their access to higher education in Africa, particularly in the Nigerian context. By considering young people‟s access to higher education beyond their rational choices, this study takes Bourdieu‟s theoretical arguments and Lewis‟ culture of poverty in explaining the influences on young people‟s access to higher education as shaped within their socio-cultural milieu and other relational condition such as poverty. Through an analysis of quantitative and qualitative data involving 300 participants: 120 respondents in the survey; 60 participants for the focus groups, i.e., six focus groups (10 in each session); and 120 in-depth interviews comprising 60 young females and 60 males, aged 18 to 28, the study illuminates the different social factors and contexts that were of significant influence on the young people‟s access to higher education. Evidence from the findings in the study has suggested that young people are confronted with various contradictory norms and social constrains with respect to their gender, economic status and relational positions in gaining access to higher education. For instance, contrary to the social and religious norms within the local context of the young people that encourage them to attend formal education up to higher educational level, the existing gender norm limits female access to higher education. Apart from this, the young people were constrained in many ways that were often in conflict with other expectations widely held in their religious communities. The study concludes that socio-cultural factors played an essential role in young people‟s access to higher education while limited economic resources had a major impact on their educational pursuits. Accordingly, the study identifies a need for sensitization and a reconstruction of dominant gender norms affecting female‟s access to higher education. It also recommends more research on young people‟s access to higher education through the voices of young people themselves and studies that may go beyond the problem-centred approach in attending to the contexts of the exact implication on access for young people‟s higher education.
Factors affecting maternal health seeking behaviour in a Yoruba community of Nigeria: an analysis of socio-cultural beliefs and practices.
(2019) Dada, Ayoola Adekunle.; Khan, Sultan.; Nadvi, Syeda Lubna Bano.
The significance of mothers to the overall sustenance of maternal health care cannot be overemphasized, despite this fact, however, there is an increasing gap between the developed and the developing countries in terms of morbidity and mortality and mothers‘ survival at prenatal, delivery and postnatal periods. In spite of the great efforts that have been put forth to achieve the 8th ―Millennium Development Goals‖, much work is yet to be done to assuring maternal health for women especially in Sub Saharan Africa The study involved a survey of 196 women aged 15-45+ years in Ido/Osi LGA in Ekiti of Nigeria which established maternal health seeking as inseparable from the socio-economic and cultural contexts in which they occur. Employing field methods from Medical Sociology and Demography, the study argues that maternal health seeking transcends the boundaries of either of these disciplines and that their comprehensive understanding entails the collaboration of both. Its specific objectives encompassed: (1) an investigation of the influence of cultural beliefs and practices on maternal health seeking (2) examination of the relationship between the social demographic characteristics of women and maternal health seeking and; (3) an assessment of the impact of the existing social structure on maternal health seeking. The model of behavioral change in public health, rational choice theory, location theory and feminist theory enable the study to highlight the links between socio-cultural variables and maternal health seeking by showing the strength of their separate and collective relationships. Data were collected by triangulation of in-depth interviews and the survey questionnaire. The qualitative data were analyzed through manual content analysis to identify the socio-cultural variables associated with factors affecting maternal health seeking; quantitative data were analyzed by using frequency distributions tables for univariate while cross tabulation was used with the aid of SPSS version 22 for bivariate analysis, Microsoft Excel 2013 for the charts and STATA version 12 for the T-Test. The result of the survey reveals that factors such as socio-economic, beliefs and cultural practices of the Yoruba people, to a large extent affect maternal health seeking. Some of the specific findings include: Patriarchy to great extent has a strong impact on maternal health seeking; majority of women in Yoruba community have strong beliefs in the efficacy of herbs in pregnancy management and child bearing; and that attitude of health workers also impair health seeking. The study therefore recommends that community mobilization should be geared towards ensuring that appropriate health-seeking behaviour becomes part of local social norms. Community education must address traditional beliefs about pregnancy related complications that are often blamed on women behaviour, fate, evil influences and other factors beyond the reach of the health care system. Due to the fact that Yoruba society is patriarchal in nature, men also should be educated on the intricacies that revolve around maternal health because, they dominate family decision-making. Also there is a need to strengthen policies and capacity building, training of health care providers, for improved quality of care and sustained research on reproductive health among the Yoruba people of Nigeria.
India and its diaspora: making sense of Hindu identity in South Africa.
(Taylor & Francis., 2014) Gopal, Nirmala Devi.; Khan, Sultan.; Singh, Shanta Balgobind.
Indian immigrants to South Africa in the late nineteenth century differed in terms of their origins, motivations, belief systems, customs, and practices from the indigenous African population as well as from the ruling white settler elite. It is within this context that this paper interrogates some of the ways in which several generations of (Indian) Hindus constructed and continue to (re)construct their religious identities in South Africa. Data for this study were achieved by administering face-to-face questionnaires to 66 individuals in the Metropolitan Area of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The sample (selected through snowball sampling) comprised third to fifth generation Indians belonging to the four major language groups (Tamil, Telegu, Gujarati, and Hindi) residing in South Africa. Following the questionnaire responses, interviews were conducted with a selected number of respondents from the same sample. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS while analysis of qualitative data followed a thematic model.
Islamic institution of charity and international disaster relief : a case study of Gift of the Givers Foundation in South Africa.
(2009) Gabralla, Abdalla Khair.; Ebrahim, Abul Fadl Mohsin.; Khan, Sultan.
The study of faith-based giving , development and engagement with human catastrophe is only beginni ng to be identified and resear ched by social scientists and other disciplines. Almost all faiths in the world im press upon their adherents to serve and engage in humanitarian aid causes. Some faiths prescribe and proscribe through divine teachings on how adheren ts should go about participating in humanitarian aid causes and set certai n constraints and parameters for its fulfilment as a religious act and duty. Islam is one such religion that requires its adherents to conform to religious acts of giving through the institution of charity which makes up the third article of faith. Muslims the world over are required to give a portion of their surplus income by way of prescribed and optional charities to humanitarian aid causes both within a nd outside of their community. This prescription is incumbent on all Muslims irre spective of the type of society that they live in as long as they profess faith. The Muslim community in South Africa comprises a minority group with diverse socio-historical backgrounds and its demographic position is no different to the majority of the country’s population. It is characterised by Muslims who had slave, indentured, migrant and trading histories who have now made a permanent presence in the southern tip of the African continent. Its social organisation has evolved over time and currently as a mino rity group it has entrenched itself in all facets of the South African way of life, networking with other diasporic communities and nation states worldwide. It has a well-developed philanthropic infrastructure and is known to have undertaken humanitarian aid causes both within and outside of its community. In post-apartheid South Africa, the Sout h African Muslim community, given the country’s reintegration in the global system after years of political isolation, has played an indelible role in supporting humanitarian aid causes in disaster affected areas. It is in this context that this study examines the role of a Muslim faith-based organisation’s engagement in benevolent disaster related humanitarian aid causes in South Africa. Given the diverse number of faith-bas ed humanitarian organisations amongst Muslims in South Africa, the study undertakes an extensive case study of one faith-based organisation which has a track record in providing such service. The study is preceded by an extensive literature study with a view to formulating a conceptual framework upon which later analysis is undertaken together with the empirical data. It draws on key sociological concepts in the field of philanthropy in order to provide a scientific context to the study. An in-depth analysis is made of religious texts and writings which prov ide the context around which faith-based organisations fulfil their humanitarian aid objectives. The empirical aspect of the study is triangulated using both qualitative and quantitat ive data derived from a select group of donors and volunteers who made up the key respondents in the study. Documentary and conflict analysis were under taken to construct a profile of the case taking into consideration the different aspects of its social organisation. The study concludes with the presentation of the key findings of the research in keeping with its main assumptions and concludes with practical recommendations and how to better align with faith-based organisations engaged in international disaster relief missions with a view to be more effective and pursue sustainable ways of engagement in disaster afflicted areas.
Land reform, restitution and local development: an assessment of the progress of Dukuduku forest land claims in South Africa’s Kwazulu-Natal province.
(2021) Tibe, Monwabisi.; Khan, Sultan.
The problem of slow progress in land claims in the country has become a major drawback to the realization of rural socio-economic development and has further widened the gap between the urban rich and the rural poor. The slow progress in land reform has become a great flaw and a failure to the Land Rights Principle of our Constitution which stipulates that, access to land or other living spaces is a birth right of all South Africans (Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 2009:12). Despite this constitutional mandate, after 26 years of democracy, there continues to be unresolved land contestations and land claim lodges that have not been processed. The Land Reform Policy of the Republic of South Africa has proved to be a failure because of persistent challenges regarding land claims. Given the precarious protracted nature of land claims, it impacts negatively on the lives of the rural poor as they are denied access to land which can be used positively to resolve the food security issues in the country. The privatization of land access to serve the capitalist needs of big corporations and Multi-National Corporations (MNCs) has been of much contestations amongst the landless people in the country. Big Corporations occupy tribal land for extracting raw materials with little benefits accruing to the indigenous communities. Traditional leaders who are entrusted with responsibility of managing tribal land in rural areas are also complicit as they lease or sell their land for their own economic prestige instead of the majority of subjects that are under their tutelage. A systematic analysis of land reform performance in a micro setting of the Dukuduku forest community is presented in this study. It begins with a historical overview of land restitution before delving into postapartheid South Africa's interventionist strategies to achieve justice and equity in the country's land sector through restitution. The study emphasizes the theoretical foundations upon which the idea was built, and data is gathered using both quantitative (surveys) and qualitative (interviews) research methods. The study draws on relevant literature to have a better understanding of the land debate. Indeed, the ANC-led government has been plagued by the unresolved land issue since 1994. Despite the government's efforts to democratize land access and use as a tool for local development and inclusion, there is enough evidence of policy failures. In this context, the study presents an intriguing discussion about land restitution performances in Dukuduku forest community in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province.
Multinational joint task force counter insurgency: A strategic containment of ISWAP insurgency in the Lake Chad Basin, 2009-2019 = Okwenziwa ibutho kwabalwisana nabo bombutho ohlanganise amazwe ngamazwe kazwelonke, isu lokunqanda amavukelambuso e-ISWAP eLake Chad Basin ngonyaka wezi-2009 kuya kowezi-2019.
(2023) Akubueze, Oliver.; Khan, Sultan.
The Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) insurgency has existed for over two decades. Over the years, it has grown from a pygmy insurgency threat to a colossal insurgency security problem currently perplexing the Lake Chad Basin’s (LCB)socio-economic and political equilibrium. The study traced the intricacies surrounding ISWAP’s emergence, evolution, merger and transition between 2009 and 2015 and recorded details of how the micro-Islamic sect gravitated into a macro security challenge. The study examined when and why the Multinational Joint Taskforce (MNJTF) was established and the factors that have handicapped its counterinsurgency campaigns in the LCB since 2012. Despite the counterinsurgency onslaughts, the ISWAP insurgency is still in operation. This is why the successes and failures of ISWAP containment before the intervention of the MNJTF in 2014 were examined. The aim was to provide the rationale for comparing the two periods, 2009 to 2014 and the succeeding years following the MNJTF intervention, 2015 to 2019, under study. A review of previous works identified previous scholars’ weaknesses and strengths, which resonates with the logic that while significant attention was given to assessing homologous counterinsurgency arrangements, the MNJTF was largely overlooked in their literature. Both primary and secondary sources provided relevant information towards examining the factors that contributed to and sustained the activities of the ISWAP insurgency in LCB. The study critically examined the historical background of MNJTF, updated mandates, and counterinsurgency approaches in the fight against insurgency. The study also reiterated the importance of counterinsurgency approaches other than traditional military fighting, which is the root cause of insurgency, largely linked to the poor economic situation of the LCB countries and other social and religious factors. The study provides valuable recommendations that would guide the MNJTF in finding a sustainable solution to the ISWAP insurgency in the Chad Basin. Other institutions, governments and international organisations in Africa and elsewhere would also benefit from the recommendations as the world, especially Africa, struggles with insurgencies. Iqoqa. Amavukelambuso e-Islamic State esesiFundazweni esiseNtshonalanga ne-Afrika (ISWAP) asehlale ngaphezu kwamakhulunyaka amabili. Eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi, kwakhula ukwesatshiswa kwabantu abafushane abangamavukelambuso enkingeni enkulu yezokuphepha kwamavukelambuso okuyimanje kudida inhlalomnotho nesimokulingana eLake Chad Basin’s (LCB). Ucwaningo lwalandelela okuyimininingwane ezungeze ukubonakala kwe-ISWAP, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, inhlanganisela nendlulela phakathi konyaka wezi- 2009 nowezi-2015 nemininingwane ebhalwe phansi yokuthi ngabe iqoqo elincane lama-Islam labantu abayingozi lifika kanjani engqinambeni yezokuphepha okukhulu. Ucwaningo lwahlola ukuthi yasungulwa nini futhi kungani iMultinational Joint Taskforce (MNJTF) nokuthi iziphi izinto ezaletha ubunzima emikhankasweni eyathathelwa izinyathelo eziphikisayo e-LCB kusukela ngowe-2012. Ngale kokuphazanyiswa ukuhlaselwa ngezinyathelo eziphikisayo ezathathwa, amavukelambuso e-ISWAP namanje asasebenza. Yingakho kwahlolwa ukuphumelela nokwehluleka kokunqanda i-ISWAP ngaphambi kokungenelela kwe-MNJTF ngowezi- 2014. Inhloso kwakungukunikezela ngomqondo wokuqhathanisa izikhathi zombili, sonyaka wezi-2009 kuya kowezi-2014 futhi okwakuyiminyaka yempumelelo kulandela ukungenelela kwe-MNJTF, unyaka wezi-2015 kuya kowezi-2019, ngokusacwaningwa ngakho. Ukubuyekezwa kwemisebenzi eyedlule kwakhombisa ubuthaka nalokho abanamandla kukho ongoti, okuzwakala kunokucabanga okuhlelekile okuthi ngenkathi kusemqoka ukunaka ukuhlolwa kwezinhlelo zokuthathela amavukelambuso izinyathelo ezifanayo, i-MNJTF yayinganakiwe kakhulu emibhalweni yabo. Yomibili imithombo owokuqala nowesibili yanikezela ngolwazi oluyilo mayelana nokuhlola okuphathelene neqhaza nokusimama kwemisebenzi yamavukelambuso e-ISWAP e-LCB. Ucwaningo lwahlola ngokuhlolisisa isendlalelo somlando we-MNJTF, amagunya abuyekeziwe kanye nezindlela ezilwisana nokuphikisa kwamavukelambuso. Ucwaningo lwabuye lwagcizelela kaningi ubumqoka bezindlela zokuphikisa kwamavukelambuso ngaphandle nokulwisana nombutho wezendabuko, okuyiwona oyimbangela yomsuka wamavukelambuso, kwaxhunyaniswa kakhulu nesimo esibi sezomnotho emazweni e-LCB nezimo zenhlalobantu nezenkolo. Ucwaningo lwanikezela ngezincomo ezinhle kakhulu ezazizoqondisa i-MNJTF ekutholeni isisombululo esisimeme kumavukelambuso e-ISWAP e-Chad Basin.
The nature and causes of marital breakdown amongst a selected group of South African Indian Muslims in the Durban Metropolitan Area and its consequences for family life.
(2001) Khan, Sultan.; Stears, Louw-Haardt.
The institutions of marriage and family have existed throughout human kind and continue to do so as we enter the twenty first century. These are important institutions that prepare individuals as social actors. The progress of society from its traditional form to present levels of modernity, has come with many consequences for the institutions of marriage and the family. This has been witnessed by high rates of marital breakdown and single parenthood in almost all societies. The causes of marriage and family breakdown are many, and complex. It is a multi-factored problem which social scientists and policy makers are battling to come to grips with since its escalation has enonnous social, economic and political consequences. The biggest victims of marital breakdown are children. Unless society comes to grips with this social problem, the institutions of marriage and the family are at risk of collapsing. For society to continue to prepare future social actors, it is paramount that these two institutions are preserved.
The Nigerian internal security policy : an assessment of the human security threats to Nigeria in the post – military era (2006 – 2021)
(2022) Uzomah, Hyginus Onyeaghala.; Khan, Sultan.
The Nigerian internal security policy is designed to deter all forms of real or perceived physical and human security threats to the people’s lives, property, interest and personal welfare. Since the post-military era, measures put in place to actualize this objective seems not to have yielded much needed outcomes. To understand this reality, this study examines the sources of internal security threat to Nigeria that are endemic across the country’s six geo-political zones. The study critically appraises the ideas, opinions and belief of the various public policy makers and stakeholders across academia, and civil society who form the study population, on the key threat to human security and the measures to address it The human security and securitization theories were the main ideas of human security that were advanced to elucidate the country’s human security issues. The study adopted a mixed method research approach where quantitative and qualitative information was sought. A sample of 95 participants was drawn from the identified strata within the study population in the Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), while secondary data sources were also explored. The main sources of primary data collection were survey instruments (questionnaires) that engaged 60 participants, and in-depth interviews were conducted among 10 out of 35 participants due to the Covid-19 challenges. The study found that the present situation of human insecurity in Nigeria is abysmal, alarming, and scary, expressed in the high rate of crime, widespread of poverty, high rate of unemployment, economic inequality, and corruption. The study identified human displacement, human insecurity, lack of access to basic health, recurrent flood disaster and desperation for wealth as the major socio-economic consequences of human insecurity in Nigeria. The study recommends the decentralization of Nigerian internal security architecture, rehabilitation of victims of crime, legislation for education rights, and the formation of youth empowerment programs. In addition to effective economic development policy, the right to self-determination, de-emphasizing ethnic and religious sentiment and adherence to democratic principles and the rule of law, as part of measures to mitigate Nigerian internal human security. The study concludes that so long as the Nigerian authorities continue to prioritize physical security and infrastructure development over human security, welfare and wellbeing, the threat of human insecurity will remain unabated.
Rebranding of the Greater St Lucia Wetlands Park in South Africa : reflections on benefits and challenges for the former of St Lucia.
(Kamla-Raj Enterprises., 2013) Chellan, Noel.; Mtshali, Mdu.; Khan, Sultan.
Post-apartheid South Africa has witnessed an explosion of both national and international ecotourism given its many years of restrictions on the movement of people in the past. Much of its biodiversity has been commodified through branding and re-branding in order to capture a fair share of the international ecotourism market. The Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, located in the northern part of KwaZulu-Natal, was the centre of land claim contestations by the local inhabitants who have been removed from the park due to colonial occupation and later apartheid segregation policies. Locals who have been victims of forced removals from the Park staked a claim to be co-consumers of development and financial benefits accruing from this natural asset. Despite many unfinished challenges facing the politics of the Park, in 2007 the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park was re-branded as the iSimangaliso Wetland Park (iSWP) to market it as an indigenous and local product. One of the rationales for rebranding was the assumption that its previous name competed against another international tourist destination located in the Caribbean. Given the multi-faceted nature of the Wetland Park as a place product, the paper tests out the extent to which this re-branding from a globalised to a localised ecotourism name destination has reproduced itself in terms of benefits, both tangibles and intangibles in the all White town of St Lucia.
The relationship between black tax, poverty, and educational levels: a case study in Mbizana Local Municipality=Ubudlelwano phakathi kwebhekelelamndeni, ubuhlwempu, namazinga emfundo: ucwaningonto lukaMasipala wasekhaya waseMbizana.
(2023) Ntakana, Unathi Mamsie.; Khan, Sultan.
This study investigated the relationship between Black Tax, poverty, and educational levels at Mbizana Local municipality. The main assertion for this study is that black employed graduates are expected to pay back their family members and relatives for assisting them through higher education. These expectations may be spoken or unspoken. Employed black professionals fulfil these honour-bound commitments that are driven by different motives such as obligation, duty, Ubuntu, reciprocity, altruism, and sometimes coercion. They take care of their parents, pay siblings’ school fees, and ensure that all essential needs are taken care of in their homes; some go an extra mile of financially assisting their distant relatives. This sharing of one’s financial resources is generally termed Black Tax. This study employed the mixed methods approach which is infixed in the post-positivist worldview. The post-positivist worldview acknowledges that research is influenced by a researcher’s identity, and thus objectivity is pursued by admitting that there are biases that need to be addressed because complete objectivity is tainted by human errors and utilised instruments. The data was collected from 250 respondents using purposive sampling to potential Black Taxpayers of which 50 face-to-face interviews were undertaken. The data was then analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28 on Windows 10. Data was presented in figures, tables, and charts. The findings of this study revealed that Black Tax fundamentally affects most black employees irrespective of their level of education or social class. Most black employed professionals are closely associated with unemployed and illiterate people which makes it extremely hard for them to focus on building generational wealth for their children. Black Taxpayers are encouraged to invest in financial literacy and actively involve their dependents in the process. Iqoqa Lolu cwaningo lwahlola ubudlelwano phakathi kokubhekelela abazali nomndeni (Black Tax), ubuhlwempu, kanye nezinga ngokwemfundo kuMasipala waseKhaya waseMbizana. Ukuqinisa okunqala kulolu cwaningo wukuthi abamnyama asebeqede ukufunda abasebenzayo balindeleke ukuba bondle imindeni yabo nezihlobo ngenxa yokubaxhasa kwabo ngesikhathi befunda ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme. Lokhu kwenziwa kushiwo noma kungashiwongo. Asebeqashiwe abamnyama bakwenza lokhu ngenxa yezizathu eziningi ezifana nokuzibophezela, ukuyibona ifanele ukwenziwa le nto, Ubuntu, ngokuvumelana, ukukhathalela umndeni kanti kwesinye isikhathi kuba yimpoqo. Banganakelela abazali, bakhokhele izingane zakwabo imali yesikole, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi zonke izidingongqangi ziyanakekelwa emakhaya akubo; abanye bayadlula kulokho basize nezihlobo ngemali. Lokhu kulekelela umndeni ngemali yakho sekwaphiwa igama lokuthi yiBlack Tax (ibhekelelamndeni). Lolu cwaningo lwasebenzisa indlelakwenza engxube egxile kuleyo ndlelakubuka eyipost-positivist. Indlelakubuka ipost-positivist igcizelela ukuthi kunethonya ocwaningweni ukuthi umuntu uwubani, kanti kulandelwa ukungachemi ngokuvuma ukuthi kukhona ukwenzelela okumele kuqashelwe ngoba ukungachemi kuphazanyiswa amaphutha okuba umuntu kanye nezinsiza ezisetshenziswayo. Imininingo yaqoqwa kubabambiqhaza abangama-250 kusetshenziswa ukuqoka ngokwenhloso yabakhokhintela abamnyama, kanti kwabangama-50 kwenziwa inhlayalwazi bukhoma. Imininingo yahlaziywa ngokusebenzisa insiza eyaziwa nge-IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28 on Windows 10. Imininingo yethulwa ngokusebenzisa izithombezibalo, amathebula kanye namashadi. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo yakhombisa ukuthi iBlack Tax iyabathinta bonke abamnyama abasebenzayo kungakhathaleki izinga lemfundo yabo noma izinga abakulo ngokwempilo. Abamnyama abasebenzayo abayifundele imisebenzi bahlobene kakhulu nabangaqashiwe kanye nabangafundile kanti lokhu kwenza kube umqansa ukugxila ekwakheleni izingane zabo ingcebo yezizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Abakhokhi bentela abamnyama bayakhuthazwa ukuba batshale ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi kwezezimali futhi babandakanye nezingane zabo kule nqubo.
The social construction of the South African seafarer’s identity and coping strategies, in the international merchant navy.
(2017) Dekker, Lydia Carol.; Khan, Sultan.
The aim of this thesis is to analyse the social construction of the South African seafarer’s identity and their coping strategies while working in international waters. There are two main objectives in this research. The first objective is to analyse how South African seafarers, who come from diverse cultural, language, gender, and racial backgrounds, construct their own identities, and their co-workers’ social identities, as well as how their co-workers construct South African identities in the maritime context. This objective is achieved by researching the South African seafarers’ social identity construction through the discourses of culture, language, gender, and race. Furthermore, the research acknowledges the role that the maritime industry, maritime culture, ship culture, safety culture, and training plays in the South African seafarers’ social identity construction. The first objective includes historical previews of the international and national maritime industry. By researching the relevant historic foundations of the maritime industry, the research lays the foundation for understanding how the maritime industry’s development influences the social identity constructions of seafarers. The second objective is to analyse how the coping mechanisms influence the social identity construction of the South African seafarer. This part of the research entailed researching and analysing how seafarers work and live for long periods in a unique industry: as this can render them vulnerable to physical and psychological problems. The theoretical framework of this thesis is social constructionism and organisational theories. In keeping with the theoretical framework, the research was qualitative in nature drawing on multifaceted qualitative methods: semi-structured and unstructured interviews, focus groups, and netography (social media). The findings reveal that the South African government’s efforts to relaunch the South African maritime industry have not been successful at the time of print. Furthermore, it is found that the South African seafarers have a need to protect their social identities against ignorant family members, the public, and the maritime companies on a continued basis. This is because they are not able to comprehend their seafaring experiences and challenges while working at sea. Some of the challenges include: working in a multicultural environment, communication problems, cultural, language, gender, and diversity, which not only lead to an arduous working environment, mentally and physically, but also to human error accidents. These challenges play a large part in the construction of the seafarers’ social identities.
A sociological exploration of sexual relationships and intimacy amongst a select group of participants in an informal settlement: a case study of Cato Manor, Durban.
(2019) Macozoma, Sandisiwe.; Khan, Sultan.
Humans have a general desire to belong and to love, which is usually satisfied within an intimate relationship. These relationships involve feelings of liking or loving one or more people, romance, physical or sexual attraction, sexual relationships, or emotional and personal support between the members. Sexual relationships and intimacy are very important in family life and societal stability, because they are the outcome of complex interactions between individuals who are conscious of belonging to organized groups and who behave according to a system of learned rules communicated through symbolic language. Thus, the outcome of sex and intimacy, for many groups, globally, is procreative marriage, even though modern sexual arrangements have a distinctive character, which sets them apart from pre-existing systems. In developed countries world sex cohabitation is something that is not shun upon, unlike in traditional societies, because as married couples, cohabiting men and woman have similar cultural traits, as they have rather similar social backgrounds and are often of the same cultural level. In traditional patriarchal societies, like Africa, the male is viewed as apprehensive towards intimacy, while the female is seen as having a great capacity to commit herself to love and to be intimate. It is in this context the study of family life, love and intimacy is studied within an informal human settlement context. The assertion is that irrespective of the nature and type of human settlements, intimacy, sexual relationships are universal human needs, and this study aims to ascertain as to whether this holds true within the context of informal human settlements. Informal human settlements by their very nature are compact, densely populated, deplete of basic infrastructure and lack privacy. It is characterized by shack dwellings, made from a host of materials within proximity with each. Given this physical characteristic of informal settlement, it is assumed that residents of these settlements are prevented from leading normal family lives. It constrains the expression of one’s intimacy, sexual relationship and family life which this study hopes to unfold.