School of Social Sciences

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An examination of information ethics standards in the management of open access electronic information resources (OAEIR) by Zimbabwean university libraries = Ukuhlolwa kwamazinga oLwazi lwendlelakuziphatha ekulawulweni kokufinyelela okuvulelekile emithonjeni kagesi ngemitapo yolwazi yasenyuvesi yaseZimbabwe.
(2024) Hogo, Howard.; Hoskins, Ruth Geraldine Melonie.
The information society has given university libraries new technological tools and platforms to connect with their clients, eliminating the need to constrain what the library publishes and provision of access to its clients. However, it also unlocked many unanswered ethical questions and dimensions. The proliferation of open access electronic information resources (OAEIR) has created more significant ethical challenges for Library and Information Science (LIS) professionals, from the privacy, accuracy, property, and access to ethical standards, more so from the African cultural perspective. LIS professionals' adoption of information ethics standards, ethical dimensions and associated dilemmas are increasingly becoming topical issues in the information society due to the proliferation of OAEIR. The study was conducted to determine the adoption of information ethics standards in managing OAEIR by LIS professionals. Additionally, the study sought to determine information ethics dilemmas encountered by LIS professionals in executing open access electronic information management processes. Finally, the study sought to establish contextual information ethics standards that LIS professionals could implement in the open access electronic information management processes. The study adopted the deontological ethics theoretical framework and PAPA information ethics framework to thoroughly interrogate the library information processes, which are creation, organisation, and dissemination. The study used a pragmatism worldview as a research paradigm, a mixed methods research approach, and a sequential explanatory research design. The study population was drawn from LIS professionals serving in nine Zimbabwean university libraries. The study used the census survey sampling techniqu e and purposive sampling for operational level LIS professionals and managerial level LIS professionals, respectively. Additionally, the study used document analysis, which looked at OAEIR related policies and standard operating procedures. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis procedures were employed through descriptive statistics analysis and the SPSS, and thematic content analysis, respectively. The findings revealed that there was generally a lack of information and awareness on information ethics available to LIS professionals. University libraries' affiliation to the LIS code of ethics was viewed in terms of being members of either AfLIA or IFLA, but with no clear policy guidelines on how they would draw from these institutions’ codes. Local professional associations such as ZimLA and ZULC were not doing enough to conscientise LIS professionals on the profession's ethics. Resultantly, university libraries lacked clear policy direction regarding LIS professionals' ethical obligations in electronic content, affecting how ethical issues were being implemented in everyday electronic library workflow operations. Information management in this contemporary library environment and the information-seeking behaviour of library clients have created many ethical dilemmas for LIS professionals. The electronic information revolution has created many problematic ethical grey areas for LIS professionals, and generally in all PAPA, in the management processes of OAEIR. LIS professionals' application of ethical standards in the day-to-day management of OAEIR was influenced by duty-based principles at the library level, aided by experience. LIS professionals' culture greatly impacted the adoption and application of ethical principles and decisions in the management of OAEIR, ushering in an African culture ethical dimension. The available global codes of ethics standards for LIS professionals applied to LIS professionals in Zimbabwe in a broader sense, hence the need for a contextualised code of ethics framework. The study's findings contribute towards awareness, perception, and adoption of information ethics standards by Zimbabwean university libraries and other local affiliated associations, including managing ethical dilemmas emanating from the management of OAEIR. The study findings contribute a cultural dimension to the deontology ethics theoretical framework, thereby enhancing appreciation of the theory. The findings also contribute to more research on information ethics in relation to the LIS profession, especially from the African perspective, in addition to the offering of the discipline in LIS studies across the country and beyond, especially as viewed through the eyes of the contemporary library field. Iqoqa. Inhlangano yolwazi inikeze imitapo yolwazi yasemanyuvesi ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuze axhumane namakhasimende awo, lokhu kuzonciphisa izinga lokuthi amanyuvesi ancike kakhulu kuyona ekuhlinzekeni izidingo kumakhasimende awo. Kodwa-ke, le nhlangano iphinde yavulela imibuzo eminingi engaphenduliwe ngokuziphasa, okudala izinselelo ezibalulekile zokuziphatha kwezobuchwepheshe bemitapolwazi, iLibrary and Information Science (i-LIS) ekulawuleni izinsiza zolwazi oludluliswa ngezobuchwepheshe, i-open access electronic information resources (OAEIR). Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukusetshenziswa kolwazi ngendlela efanele nokunengqondo ekuxazululeni izinkinga zansuku zonke kuya ngokuya kuba inselelo kulo mphakathi wolwazi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda kobuchwepheshe obuningi futhi kamuva i-OAEIR ilethe ukubaluleka kwenzindlela ezilungile zokuziphatha. Ucwaningo lwenzelwe ukuhlonza ukwamukeleka kohlelo lokuziphathi ngokuyikho ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kwezobuchwepheshe be-LIS ekulawuleni i-OAEIR, kanye nezingqinamba zokuziphatha okuhlangatshezwane nazo. Ukwengeza, lolu cwaningo belucwaninga ngolwazi lwezimo zokuziphatha, ngokombono wamasiko ase-Afrika. Njengoba manje sekugxilwe kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni ezobuchwepheshe izingxoxo ezinobuhlakani sezigxile ekutholeni izimiso zokuziphatha, kuyanda ukunakwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha ngenxa yokukhula okukhulu kobuchwepheshe besimanje obuguqule indlela ochwepheshe be-LIS abathola ngayo, abahlela, futhi basakaze ngayo ulwazi kumakhasimende abo. Nakuba imitapo yolwazi yamanyuvesi ibilokhu yamukela ngokuqinile i-OAEIR, ukwamukelwa kwezindinganiso zokuziphatha ekuphathweni kwe-OAEIR kusadingeka ukuthi kuhlolwe kabanzi. Alukho ucwaningo oluningi olunamandla olwalutholakala, nokuthi ukucabanga okutholakalayo mayelana nezimiso zokuziphatha zolwazi e-Afrikha kwakusekuncane ngezindlela eziningi. Izifundo ze-LIS ezinikezwa njalo futhi ezindabeni zezimiso zolwazi kuphela zisantuleka kakhulu. Ucwaningo luze nendlela yokuziphatha ecacile kanye nohlaka lwezimiso zolwazi lwe-PAPA. Ucwaningo lusebenzise indlelakubuka egxile ekwenzeni, ipragmatism, indlela yocwaningo lwezindlela ezixubile, kanye nocwaningo oluchazayo ngokulandelana kwezinto. Abahlanganyeli balolu cwaningo abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe be-LIS abasebenza emitapweni yolwazi yamanyuvesi ayisishiyagalolunye aseZimbabwe. Imiphumela iveza ukuntuleka kolwazi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendlela elungile yokuziphatha kwabasebenzi be-LIS, okwenza kube nezinkinga eziningi abasebenzi be-LIS ababhekana nazo. Ukwengeza, abasebenzi be-LIS baphinde basebenzise amasiko abo ukulandela indlela elungile yokuziphatha, okufaka inhlese yamasiko endleleni elungile yokuziphatha.
The authoritarian character: revisited.
(2022) Govender, Nathisvaran Kumarasen.; Swer, Gregory Huw Morgan.; Sivil, Richard Charlton.
In this thesis, I revisit the authoritarian character concept, as developed by members of the first-generation Frankfurt School. The authoritarian character concept (ACC) was a concept developed to understand the predisposition of individuals and societies towards seeking the domination of authoritarian demagogic as opposed to realising their own liberation. The need to revisit the ACC came about due to a noticeable rise of authoritarian demagogic leaders within liberal democracies. However, in researching the ACC, I observed that the dominant narrative was incorrect in its interpretation of the conceptual development of the ACC, and subsequently, is overly restrictive with regards to its conceptual parentage as it did not consider conceptual developments outside of 1936-1939. Therefore, in this project, I revisit the ACC with the aim of detailing a conceptually clear understanding of the ACC so that it could be used to help analyse the problem of contemporary authoritarianism. In revisiting the ACC, I hope to achieve four objectives. Firstly, to set out the foundations of the ACC by looking at the Frankfurt School and the conceptual makeup of the ACC. Secondly, was establishing a dominant narrative surrounding the ACC, which I termed the received view of the ACC. This received view holds the conceptual lifespan of the ACC as starting in 1936 and ending in 1939. Thirdly, to show that the received view of the ACC is incorrect with regard to the genesis of the ACC as work had been ongoing on the development of key concepts prior to 1936 and provide a revised account of the ACC to include this early conceptual development. Fourthly, to show that the received view of the ACC is incorrect with regards to the demise of the ACC, in 1939, as work was ongoing on evolving the ACC to meet more modern challenges well into the 1970s. Furthermore, these later developments of the ACC would ultimately complete the teleological arc of the ACC as a concept of Critical Theory as it is within these later developments that the ACC finally fulfils its goal of detailing a possible praxis that works towards an emancipated society.
Implementation of monitoring and evaluation policies in the government pension administration agency of the South African public service.
(2024) Khanyile, Sebastion Sizwe Thaboni.; Govender, Jayanathan.
The South African Public Service continues to experience the elements of ineffective implementation of policy monitoring and evaluation policies, which, by implication, are directly responsible for the slow service delivery. This problem has led to the notion that despite monitoring and evaluation policies, underlying tensions exist in the policy and practice. This study examines the implementation of monitoring and evaluation policies in the Government Employee Pension Fund (GEPF) of the South African Public Service, with specific reference to Frontline Monitoring and Support programs (FM & S). The study utilized mixed methods. The qualitative research approach was necessary to get in-depth and rich information regarding the life experiences of the officials and recipients of the FM & S programs. The study collected data through primary and secondary methods. In doing that, the study utilized documentary analysis and interviews as data collection tools. The study used thematic analysis to analyze qualitative data, graphs, and percentages. The study collected and analyzed data about client satisfaction in FM & S programs using closed-ended questions on a Likert scale. This data was examined quantitatively using graphs, tables, and percentages. The study's findings revealed that the GEPF is implementing four programs directly linked with the Department of Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation's (DPME) frontline monitoring and evaluation policies. However, several policy-implementation problems were observed in bureaucratic procedures under institutional oversight and organizational culture. These included poor working relationships in inter-intra-governmental structures, poor communication within the organizational structures, underutilization of evaluation results, and poor information dissemination strategies. The study demonstrates that, while there are policy and implementation conflicts in the bureaucratic procedures, they do not substantially impact public service delivery. On average, 83% of clients were satisfied with the services provided, while 3% were unsure and 13% were dissatisfied. The study recommends the urgent need for improvements in implementing the recommendations to improve the performance of FM & S programs. The study also highlights the importance of utilizing feedback reports to take corrective action during the implementation of policies. It also proposes the need for one-on-one interdepartmental engagements to discuss departmental challenges. The study encourages monitoring and evaluation to learn and improve other than for compliance purposes. Iqoqa. Lolu cwaningo luhlole ukuqalisa ukusebenza kwezinqubomgomo zokugada nokuhlaziya iGovernment Employee Pension Fund yeSouth African Public Service, kubhekwe kakhulu uhlelo olwaziwa ngeFrontline Monitoring and Support Programme. ISouth African Public Service iyaqhubeka nokuba nesihlava sokuqalisa ukusebenza okungeyikho kokugada inqubomgomo nezinqubomgomo zokuhlaziya, eziqondene nokulethwa kwemisebenzi ngendlela engagculisi. Ucwaningo lwathatha indlelasu yocwaningo lwekhwalithethivu ukuze kube nokuqoqwa okujulile nokunothile mayeana nokwenzeka empilweni yabasebenzi nabemukeli bezinhlelo zeFrontline Monitoring and Support. Izindlelakwenza zolwazi oluqoqwe mahlanze noluqoqwe ezincwadini zibandakanye ukuhlaziya amadokhumenti kanye nezimposambuzo ezijulile zabasebenzi nabanesabelo. Imininingo yafakwa ohlaziyweni lwezindikimba lwase lwethulwa ngamathebula, amagrafu nezikalozilinganiso zamaphesenti. Imininingo yaveza amazinga okweneliseka kwamaklayenti ngezinhlelo zeFrontline Monitoring and Support. Okutholakele ocwaningweni kuveze ukuthi iGovernment Employee Pension Fund yaqalisa izinhlelo ezine ezixhumene ngqo nezinqubomgomo zoMnyango wokuHlela, nokuHlaziya kwezinqubomgomo zeFrontline monitoring and evaluation. Kodwa, ngokuhlaziya ngaphansi kwesikhungo sokwengamela nokuhlaziya indlelakusebenza yenhlangano, kwabonakala izinkinga eziningi zokuqalisa ukusebenza. Lokhu kwakufaka ubudlelwane obungebuhle bokusebenzisana nezinhlaka zensebenziswano yohulumeni; ukungaxhumani ngendlela nezinhlaka zenhlangano; ukungasetshenziswa ngokwanele kwemiphumela yokuhlaziya; namasu okusabalaliswa kolwazi okungenele. Kodwa, ucwaningo lukhombise ukuthi ngesikhathi kunenqubomgomo nokuqalisa ukusebenza ukungaboni ngaso linye ezinqubweni ezinamazinga ehlukene, akubanga nomthelela omkhulu ngokulethwa kwezidingo zomphakathi. Ngokwejwayelekile, amaklayenti angama-83% ayenelisekile ngemisebenzi ehlinzekiwe, ngesikhathi ama-3% ayengenasiqinisekiso kanti ayi-13% ayengenelisekile. Ucwaningo luphakamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuphucula ukuqalisa ukusebenza kweziphakamiso ezithile zokuphucula ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zeFrontline Monitoring and Support. Ucwaningo luphinde lwagqamisa ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa ibuyiselambiko ukuze lilungise isenzo ngesikhathi sokuqalisa ukusebenza izinqubomgomo. Kuphinde kwaphakanyiswa isidingo sokubonisana komnyango nomuntu ngamunye ukudingida izinselelo zangaphakathi. Ucwaningo lwagqugquzela ukugada nokuhlaziya ukuze kufundwe kulokho, nezinhlelo zokwenza ngcono, ngale kwezinhloso zokuhambisana nokubekiwe.
Multinational joint task force counter insurgency: A strategic containment of ISWAP insurgency in the Lake Chad Basin, 2009-2019 = Okwenziwa ibutho kwabalwisana nabo bombutho ohlanganise amazwe ngamazwe kazwelonke, isu lokunqanda amavukelambuso e-ISWAP eLake Chad Basin ngonyaka wezi-2009 kuya kowezi-2019.
(2023) Akubueze, Oliver.; Khan, Sultan.
The Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) insurgency has existed for over two decades. Over the years, it has grown from a pygmy insurgency threat to a colossal insurgency security problem currently perplexing the Lake Chad Basin’s (LCB)socio-economic and political equilibrium. The study traced the intricacies surrounding ISWAP’s emergence, evolution, merger and transition between 2009 and 2015 and recorded details of how the micro-Islamic sect gravitated into a macro security challenge. The study examined when and why the Multinational Joint Taskforce (MNJTF) was established and the factors that have handicapped its counterinsurgency campaigns in the LCB since 2012. Despite the counterinsurgency onslaughts, the ISWAP insurgency is still in operation. This is why the successes and failures of ISWAP containment before the intervention of the MNJTF in 2014 were examined. The aim was to provide the rationale for comparing the two periods, 2009 to 2014 and the succeeding years following the MNJTF intervention, 2015 to 2019, under study. A review of previous works identified previous scholars’ weaknesses and strengths, which resonates with the logic that while significant attention was given to assessing homologous counterinsurgency arrangements, the MNJTF was largely overlooked in their literature. Both primary and secondary sources provided relevant information towards examining the factors that contributed to and sustained the activities of the ISWAP insurgency in LCB. The study critically examined the historical background of MNJTF, updated mandates, and counterinsurgency approaches in the fight against insurgency. The study also reiterated the importance of counterinsurgency approaches other than traditional military fighting, which is the root cause of insurgency, largely linked to the poor economic situation of the LCB countries and other social and religious factors. The study provides valuable recommendations that would guide the MNJTF in finding a sustainable solution to the ISWAP insurgency in the Chad Basin. Other institutions, governments and international organisations in Africa and elsewhere would also benefit from the recommendations as the world, especially Africa, struggles with insurgencies. Iqoqa. Amavukelambuso e-Islamic State esesiFundazweni esiseNtshonalanga ne-Afrika (ISWAP) asehlale ngaphezu kwamakhulunyaka amabili. Eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi, kwakhula ukwesatshiswa kwabantu abafushane abangamavukelambuso enkingeni enkulu yezokuphepha kwamavukelambuso okuyimanje kudida inhlalomnotho nesimokulingana eLake Chad Basin’s (LCB). Ucwaningo lwalandelela okuyimininingwane ezungeze ukubonakala kwe-ISWAP, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, inhlanganisela nendlulela phakathi konyaka wezi- 2009 nowezi-2015 nemininingwane ebhalwe phansi yokuthi ngabe iqoqo elincane lama-Islam labantu abayingozi lifika kanjani engqinambeni yezokuphepha okukhulu. Ucwaningo lwahlola ukuthi yasungulwa nini futhi kungani iMultinational Joint Taskforce (MNJTF) nokuthi iziphi izinto ezaletha ubunzima emikhankasweni eyathathelwa izinyathelo eziphikisayo e-LCB kusukela ngowe-2012. Ngale kokuphazanyiswa ukuhlaselwa ngezinyathelo eziphikisayo ezathathwa, amavukelambuso e-ISWAP namanje asasebenza. Yingakho kwahlolwa ukuphumelela nokwehluleka kokunqanda i-ISWAP ngaphambi kokungenelela kwe-MNJTF ngowezi- 2014. Inhloso kwakungukunikezela ngomqondo wokuqhathanisa izikhathi zombili, sonyaka wezi-2009 kuya kowezi-2014 futhi okwakuyiminyaka yempumelelo kulandela ukungenelela kwe-MNJTF, unyaka wezi-2015 kuya kowezi-2019, ngokusacwaningwa ngakho. Ukubuyekezwa kwemisebenzi eyedlule kwakhombisa ubuthaka nalokho abanamandla kukho ongoti, okuzwakala kunokucabanga okuhlelekile okuthi ngenkathi kusemqoka ukunaka ukuhlolwa kwezinhlelo zokuthathela amavukelambuso izinyathelo ezifanayo, i-MNJTF yayinganakiwe kakhulu emibhalweni yabo. Yomibili imithombo owokuqala nowesibili yanikezela ngolwazi oluyilo mayelana nokuhlola okuphathelene neqhaza nokusimama kwemisebenzi yamavukelambuso e-ISWAP e-LCB. Ucwaningo lwahlola ngokuhlolisisa isendlalelo somlando we-MNJTF, amagunya abuyekeziwe kanye nezindlela ezilwisana nokuphikisa kwamavukelambuso. Ucwaningo lwabuye lwagcizelela kaningi ubumqoka bezindlela zokuphikisa kwamavukelambuso ngaphandle nokulwisana nombutho wezendabuko, okuyiwona oyimbangela yomsuka wamavukelambuso, kwaxhunyaniswa kakhulu nesimo esibi sezomnotho emazweni e-LCB nezimo zenhlalobantu nezenkolo. Ucwaningo lwanikezela ngezincomo ezinhle kakhulu ezazizoqondisa i-MNJTF ekutholeni isisombululo esisimeme kumavukelambuso e-ISWAP e-Chad Basin.
Paradiplomacy as a capacity building strategy for good governance at the local level in South Africa=Ukubambisana kwamazwe njengeSu lokwakha ukuphatha okuhle ezingeni lezaseKhaya eNingizimu Afrika.
(2023) Wilson, Osemoboh Regis.; Magam, Nolubabalo Lulu.
Abstract Governance in South Africa is plagued with a lot of challenges. This study names inept capacity as a primary challenge of governance as it is linked to a panoply of malaise from corruption to underdevelopment. The aim of the study is to explore how building good governance capacity can become part of the multipronged long-term solution to local governments’ distress. The argument is that capacity development for good governance at the local level should underpin reformation policies and efforts. Extensive evidence show that international organisations and donors provide support to developing countries in a manner that seeks to build institutional capacity and improve the quality of governance. As a manner of optimising such supports, this study makes a case that donors can collaborate with subnational entities to coproduce capacity and governance solutions tailored to the concerns of local communities through paradiplomacy. Paradiplomacy is global cooperation at a local level, with correlating positive impacts at a local level. Because of globalisation, supranational (e.g., The African Union, SADC, The European Union) authorities have emerged as crucial players in international relations; more so, territorial sovereignty gives way for more informal types of horizontal cooperation and structured interdependence between nation-states. Global problems have local impacts as such, but policies promulgated at supranational levels are often ineffective at the local level. This study adopts a qualitative approach as it interviewed key respondents from the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (KZN-CoGTA) to explore workable solutions by making case for how best to address the issue of reduced or deficit capacity among government actors. Such a problem has given rise to a plethora of challenges when it come to the implementation and efficient execution of policies in South Africa. The study found that as the state ceases to be the only actor in public action, paradiplomacy presents itself as a tool for enhancing local institutional capacity and concomitantly improve the quality of governance in South Africa. IQOQO Ukubusa eNingizimu Afrika kuhaqwe wuxhaxha lwezinselelo. Lolu cwaningo lubalula ubungako bokungakwazi njengenselelo ngqangi yokubusa njengoba kuxhunyaniswa nokubhidlanga kokonakala kusuka enkohlakalweni kuya ekulethweni kancane kwentuthuko. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuhlola ukuthi angakhuliswa kanjani amandla okuphatha kahle okungaba yingxenye yesixazululo sakade esimbaxa sokuthwala kanzima kohulumeni basekhaya. Impikiswano ithi ukuveza amakhono okuphatha kahle emazingeni aphansi kufanele kwesekele ukucandulwa nemizamo yokuguqulwa kwemigomo. Ubufakazi obubanzi bukhombisa ukuthi izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe nabanikela ngesihle bahlinzeka ngosizo ukwesekela amazwe asathuthuka ngendlela efuna ukwakha amandla esikhungo nokuthuthukisa ubunjalozinga bokuphatha. Njengendlela yokuthuthukisa izisekelo ezinje, lolu cwaningo lubeka udaba lokuthi abanikela ngesihle bangabambisana nezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwamanye amazwe ukuba kufukuliswane ngamandla nezixazululo zokuphatha ezihambisana nokukhathazeka komphakathi wendawo ngokuzibandakanya kwabanye ohulumeni. Ukubambisana kohulumeni kungukusebenzisana komhlaba wonke emazingeni endawo, nokunemithelela emihle ehambisanayo ezingeni lendawo. Ngenxa yomhlabuhlangene, ukuhlangana kwamazwe (isib., African Union, SADC, European Union) iziphathimandla ziqubuke njengabadlali ababalulekile ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe; ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhosi bendawo buphendla indlela yezinhlobo eziningi ezingenamgomo zokubambisana sakuncintisana nokuzimela sakuncika okuhlelekile phakathi kobuzwe bamazwe. Izinkinga zomhlaba wonke zinemithelela endaweni kanjalo, kodwa imigomo emenyezelwa emazingeni aphezulu amazwe ayivamile ukusebenza ezingeni lendawo. Lolu cwaningo lukhethe indlela yekhwalithethivu njengoba lwenze inhlolovo kwabaphendulile abaqavile eMnyangweni wezokuBusa ngokuBambisana neZindaba zoMdabu KwaZulu-Natali KZN-CoGTA) ukuhlola izixazulululo ezisebenzayo ngokubeka udaba lokuthi kungabhekwana kanjani nokunciphisa noma ukweswelakala kwamandla phakathi kwabasebenzi bakahulumeni. Inkinga enje yenze kwadlanga izinselelo eziningi uma kukhulunywa ngokuqaliswa nokusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwemigomo eNingizimu Afrika. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi njengoba umbuso uyeka ukuba kube yiwona kuphela umdlali ekwenzeni komphakathi, ukubambisana kwamazwe kuziveza khona luqobo njengensizakusebenza ukukhulisa amandla okwazi kwendawo kanye nokuthuthukisa izingabunjalo lokuphatha eNingizimu Afrika.
South Africa's deadly politics: investigating the causes and consequences of political assassinations in the Kwa-Zulu Natal Province (1978-2019)
(2023) Mathenjwa, Gcinakahle Mpendulo.; Phungula, Noluthando Prudence.
The Kwa-Zulu Natal province is at the centre of attention regarding the prevalence of political assassinations. The province is termed as a killing field, where political assassinations are used as a method of political contestation. The assassination of politically active individuals in KZN is not a new phenomenon. Anti-Apartheid activists, local civilians, political party members, followers, and public office occupants have been victims of this violent event in remote times. Political assassinations have been an issue of concern in KZN for over four decades. Political assassinations in KZN are intertwined with other forms of provincial concerns, such as the assassination of local chiefs and violence in the taxi industry. This research project investigated the extent in which an assassination can be considered to be political and may be a form of political violence. The study also investigated the causes and consequences of political assassinations in the KZN province. The study searched for the reasons behind political assassinations in KZN in order to understand why such killings are mostly prevalent in this province. The research views political assassinations as a type of political violence. Given the fact that the KZN province is prone to such violence, the study then investigated how such assassinations affect government functioning and the social wellbeing in KZN. The study gathered qualitative data in an effort to address the research question on the reasons for and effects of such assassinations. The research was carried out as a desktop study, using existing publications to collect and analyse data. The study was informed by realism and the conflict theory, to understand the foundation on the regular occurrence of political assassinations in the province. The two theories explain the society and how it becomes violent, and how such violence shapes and affects society.
The ontology of diversity and open borders phenomenon in the Southern African development community region: an ethico-political enquiry = Inhlalakahle yokwehluka kanye nesimo sokuvuleleka kwamabhoda emiphakathini ethuthukayo eNingizimu ne-Afrikha : Ukuhlola ngokuziphatha ngezombangazwe.
(2023) Makusha, Hupenya.; Okyere-Manu, Beatrice Dedaa.
In the present era, migration has gained significant attention in international discussions, and there is ongoing discourse over the unrestricted movement of products and individuals. Significant discourse surrounds the African Union’s (AU) pursuit of continental integration, particularly in facilitating the unrestricted flow of goods throughout the continent. Regional integration is a topic of discussion at the Southern African Development Community (SADC) level. It involves the removal of barriers for inhabitants of member nations, particularly in the context of economic integration. However, as alluded to, the emphasis is placed more on the movement of goods rather than the movement of people. Why there exists a greater degree of restriction on the mobility of people compared to the mobility of goods is a topic grappled with. Furthermore, it is imperative to analyze the African continent’s diverse population to determine how much it influences the facilitation or restriction of the free movement of people within the continent, particularly within the SADC region. This study presents an ethical and political examination of the ontology of Diversity and the phenomenon of open borders in the SADC region. The SADC region is widely recognized for its rich cultural legacy and complex social structure, making it an intriguing context for examining the complexities of Diversity and the notion of open borders. The study intends to further our understanding of the intricate interplay between Diversity, open borders, and their ethical and political ramifications. The study's key objective is to critically assess the extent to which migration patterns, political ideologies, and the ontology of cultural Diversity influence the open borders phenomenon in the SADC region. To achieve this objective, three sub-objectives are put forward. First, to critically examine the nature of the SADC region’s population; second, to critically explore what the open borders phenomenon is; and third, to critically interrogate the ontology of Diversity in the open borders phenomenon from the perspective of the ideals of Moderate Communitarianism, African Socialism (Ujamaa), and Consequentialism. The research thus critically analyzes the ethical and political dimensions of open borders and Diversity. It explores the analysis of the rights and responsibilities of individuals and nations and the impact of unrestricted borders on social cohesion, human rights, and regional governance. The methodology utilized in this study is qualitative and involves a comprehensive literature review. The study provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of Diversity and open borders through a comprehensive approach. This initiative aims to provide policymakers, international organizations, and civil society stakeholders with a thorough understanding of the ethical and political considerations of managing Diversity and open borders in the SADC region. The research possesses significance due to its potential to make valuable contributions to scholarly discourse and offer insights that can inform the formulation of policies. It aims to deepen our understanding of the conceptual framework of Diversity and the phenomenon of open borders to foster regional integration, social cohesion, and sustainable development within the region. Its findings will assist in developing comprehensive and effective policies that address the intricacies and benefits of Diversity and open borders. Therefore, these policies will promote a cohesive and successful SADC region. This scholarly inquiry delves into the ethical and political dimensions of Diversity and the notion of open borders, shedding light on their interconnectedness and the resulting ethical and political implications within the SADC region. It aims to stimulate critical discussion, deepen comprehension, and provide insightful viewpoints on advancing a more inclusive, integrated, and ethically grounded SADC community through a comprehensive analysis of these complex issues. Iqoqa. Ukufuduka kwabantu sekungenye yezinto eziqashiwe ezingxoxweni zomhlaba. Kamuva nje, kunemiqakuliso ngokuvuleleka kwemingcele nokungena kwezimpahla nabantu kalula emazweni. Inhlangano yezwekazi i-Afrikha (AU) nemizamo yayo yokuhlanganisa leli zwekazi, ikakhulu imizamo yoku khululeka kokuhwebelana kwamazwe akulelizwekazi, yisihloko esibalulkile. Esigabeni seSouthern African Development Community -SADC), lolu bumbano luseqhulwini, kumbandakanya ukususwa kwezihibe ezivimba abantu abadabuka kuleli zwekazi, nokuhlanganiswa kweminotho. Kepha okugqamile ukuhwebelana kwezimpahla kunokufuduka kwabantu. Lokhu kuvusa imibuzo ngokungabi bikho ukubaluleka kwengxoxo ethinta ukufuduka kwabantu uma kuqhathaniswa nokwezimpahla. Lolu cwaningo luhlola izenzeko ngokwehluka kwenhlalo yobuhlanga nezombusazwe njengoba kunokuvuleleka kwemingcele eSADC. Isifunda seSADC saziwa kakhulu ngokunotha kwezamasiko nobunkimbinkimbi ohlakeni lwezenhlalo, okwenza kungabi lula ukucwaninga lobunkimbinkimbi bokwehluka kwayo kanye nokuvuleleka kwamabhoda kwaso. Ucwaningo luhlolse ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda lokhu kwehlukahluka, ukuvuleleka kwemingcele nokuthi lokhu kunamiphi imiphumela ebuhlangeni nakwezombusazwe. Inhlosongqangi yalolu cwaningo ukubheka kabanzi imikhuba yokufuduka, izinjulalwazi zezo mbangazwe kanye nenhlalo ngokwehluka kwamasiko nomthelela wokuvuleleka kwemingcele esifundeni seSADC. Ukufeza lenhlosongqangi, kuhlelwe izinhlosongangi ezintathu ngaphansi kwenhlosongqangi enkulu: Okokuqala, ukuhlola umsuka womphakathi wesifunda seSADC ngokubanzi, okwesibili ukuhlola ikhonsepthi yokuvuleleka kwemingcele okwesithathu; ukuhlola inhlalo yokwehluka kokuvuleka kwemingcele ngeso leModerate Communitarianism, i-African Socialism (Ujamaa), kanye ne Consequentialism. Ucwaningo lusebenzise indlela yekhwalithethivu, kanye nokubuyekezwa kwemibhalo okunzulu. Ngokusebenzisa lendlela, ucwaningo luthole imibono enzulu nebalulekile enkimbinkimbeni yokwehluka kanye nokuvuleleka kwemingcele. Inhloso ukusiza abaqambi zinqubomgomo, izinhlangano zomhlaba kanye nezinhlaka zomphakathi ukuqonda ubuhlanga kanye nezombusazwe ezihambisana nokwehluka nokuvuleleka kwemingcele esifundeni seSADC. Lolu cwaningo lubalulekile njengoba lungase lunikele ngemibono enzulu kumqakuliso wezemfundo nakubabumbi bezinqubomgomo. Ngokujulisa ukuqonda uhlelo lohlaka lokwehluka kokuvuleleka kwemingcele, ucwaningo luhlose ukukhuthaza ukuhlangana kwezifunda, ezenhlakahle, kanye nentuthuko yesifunda seSADC. Imiphumela izosiza ukuthuthukisa iznqubomgomo ezibalulekile neziwusizo ukuxazulula ubunkimbinkimbi nokungahlonyulwa ngokwekhuka kanye nokuvuleleka kwemingcele, ngenhloso yokukhuthaza ukwehluka kanye nokuvuleleka kwemingcele esifundeni seSADC.

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