Masters Degrees (Community Development)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10413/6680

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An analysis of the South African communities’ perspectives and activism on the expropriation of land without compensation: the case of Cato Manor.
(2022) Ngubane, Thabiso Luthando.; Zondi, Yanga Zembe.
The apartheid project pursued hundreds of separate development legislative laws, which promoted the economic and social interests of the minority, whilst marginalizing and disenfranchising the majority in South Africa. Amongst the apartheid government’s most unjust laws was the Group Areas Act of 1950, which racialized spatial occupation, by forcibly removing hundreds of thousands of South Africans from their primary communities of origin, into areas newly designated for their particular race group. This Act happened on the back of the Native Land Act of 1913, which allocated fewer than tenth of the land to Black Southern Africans, outlawing from purchasing or leasing land outside these “Black reserves”. Together, the Land Act of 1913 and the Group Areas Act of 1950 ensured the present reality of spatial inequality, and gross levels of inequality in the ownership of land in South Africa. This is the history that has given rise to the country’s growing social movements for land ownership and access to decent housing. Amongst the communities most affected by the country’s historically unjust spatial laws is Cato Manor, a community with a history of forced removals in Durban, KwaZulu Natal. Cato Manor has a robust history of land activism, and thus provides an appropriate research opportunity to explore the perspectives and activism of ordinary South Africans on land reform and the country’s hotly contested land expropriation without compensation (LEWC) policy. This thesis describes the findings of a qualitative study that was conducted among 15 men and women residing in Cato Manor, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. The findings reveal a great demand for land and housing in Cato Manor, which was expressed through different forms of activism and protests, which started out as peaceful engagements and later escalated to violent marches spreading to the central business district of Durban. Importantly, the research shows that the violent tactics which Cato Manor is notorious for were not the residents’ first nor most preferred route of demanding for land reform and decent public housing. Furthermore, the study revealed the self-silencing, self-policing, splintering and demobilization effects that labelling and characterising activism as violent had on the community’s social movements for land and housing in Cato Manor. The findings also indicate perspectives that government’s allocation of housing and land to the disgruntled Cato Manor residents, was a ploy to destabilize and retard the growth and vigour of social movements in this community. Finally, the findings show a disparity in the perspectives regarding LEWC with nearly half of the interviewees opposing the policy, because they have little faith in the government to employ this policy swiftly and successfully. The other half of the respondents professed support for the LEWC, believing it will level the inequality in land ownership. Altogether the findings of this research indicate that activism for access to land and public housing is ongoing and resilient, but hugely affected by the tactics that government employs in response to protests, and by how the movements for social change are labelled and characterised by social institutions such as the media. The findings indicate a lack of trust in the ruling party, resulting in mixed reactions to the policy on LEWC.
An investigation on the implementation of the teenage pregnancy prevention programme case of Nombika High School in KwaZulu-Natal.
(2021) Ndaba, Precious Shongani.; Shangase, Zifikile Phindile.
Teenage pregnancy remains a major challenge globally. It is one of the major challenges in South Africa, it is a major cause of school dropout in the country. The teenage fertility rate in South Africa has significantly increased over the past few years, and it is a cause of concern to the government and policy makers. Youth development programmes that include sex education are essential for delaying first sexual encounters and decreasing the rate of teenage pregnancy. Hence, the South African Department of Health (DOH) recommends a universal approach to school-based sex education. South Africa has engaged in a number of international commitments that are meant to address women and girls' sexual and reproductive health and rights, one of which is the implementation of the teenage pregnancy prevention programme in schools. This study examined the implementation of the teenage pregnancy prevention programme at Nombika high school in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). In light of the policy on Prevention and Management Learner Pregnancy, this study unpacked the role of the teenage pregnancy prevention programme in reducing pregnancy of learners and the stigma that comes with being pregnant at school. This study is underpinned by CIPP (Context, Input, Process, and Product) model and trans-theoretical model (TTM). This study is exploratory in nature. Semistructured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with officials, educators and parents of learners who participated in the programme. This study discovered that teenage pregnancy prevention programme plays an important role in addressing the teenage pregnancy problem in a school context. It was found that successful implementation of this programme requires an important consideration of the national policy on teenage pregnancy prevention. Further results suggest the importance of involving male learners and parents in the programme as vital to reduce teenage pregnancy in schools.
Investigating the impact of Covid 19 on collective bargaining and workers livelihoods: the case of NEHAWU in Durban.
(2022) Mathonsi, Mbuyiseni Simon.; Tshishonga, Ndwakhulu Stephen.
Collective bargaining is often associated with higher earnings, greater security for employees, and greater earnings equality. During the collective bargaining financial circles of 2019/2020, 2020/2021, 2021/2022 South African collective bargaining could not meet this protective function. Protective function means ensuring adequate pay, deciding on limits on daily or weekly working hours, and regulating other working conditions. The failure of wage negotiations during the above collective bargaining circles had hampered the South African government’s plan to reduce the levels of race and gender inequality, and it has also had a negative impact on the country’s economic growth. This study investigates the impact of COVID 19 on collective bargaining and workers’ livelihoods, using the case of NEHAWU in Durban. The National Education, Health, and Allied Workers Union (NEHAWU) is one of the largest trade unions in South Africa, which organizes both in the public and private sectors (especially with regard to state-owned entities). A qualitative research approach was adopted together with an exploratory research design to conduct an in-depth exploration of the phenomenon under study. Semi-structured interviews (both face-to-face and online) were employed for data collection among the leaders and members of NEHAWU in Durban. Thematic analysis was used to code the qualitative data and identify the emerging themes and subthemes. Meanwhile a non-probability sampling method was employed, and a purposive sampling technique was used to identify a sample of 10 (ten) participants for the study. “Collective bargaining: a veritable tool for resolving conflict”, the theory of collective bargaining by Kolatikan (2014) as well as three theoretical perspectives in industrial relations (the Unitary, the Radical and Pluralistic perspectives) combined to form the framework that underpin this study. The research study revealed that the failure of collective bargaining during 2019/2020, 2020/2021, and 2021/2022 collective bargaining circles as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic did not only disrupted workers’ livelihoods but it also reversed workers’ level of life and deepened gender, race, and class inequalities. The study also revealed that the salary freeze experienced during the above collective bargaining circles, coupled with the rise in food and petrol prizes, drove some workers into hard-core poverty, a level of the working poor, with workers occupying the lowest rungs of the payment system bearing the most brunt. The study recommends that collective bargaining needs to be strengthened and protected, especially during disasters such as COVID-19. It also recommends the up skilling of the low-paid workers so that they can move up the salary rungs. It further recommends that collective bargaining should prioritize workers who are in the lowest rungs of the salary payment system.
An analysis of the links between poverty and gender at Vedriet Farm in KwaZulu-Natal province.
(2022) Mncube, Emmanuel Thamsanqa.; Matse, Muzi Patrick.
This study aimed to describe the relationship between poverty and gender inequality. The study also sought to understand how gender inequality promotes poverty and to determine prevalent incidences linked to poverty and gender inequality. The study employed a qualitative research methodology in the form of semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Purposive sampling was used to select 16 participants who met the minimum of four of the five criteria. Using Structural functionalism theory to conduct the study, the main findings revealed that females are at greater risk of poverty because of the social construct of gender. The literature reviewed confirmed that gender inequality is a major threat to poverty reduction. The study further revealed that younger and older women do not agree over challenging patriarchal practices in the community. Moreover, the study further revealed that the social construct of gender affects women negatively and harms men and boys who are regarded weak when they advocate for equal rights and opportunities. As a result, social restrictions discourage men and boys from deviation from traditional expectations. In addition, patriarchal practices and beliefs allow too much freedom to boys than girls. The practical implications of the findings are that poverty and gender inequality interventions need to concentrate on gender-related poverty differentials and consider access level to and control over resources at the initial stage. Moreover, analysis of gender relations and gender impact assessment must be a prerequisite for successfully implementing any poverty alleviation programmes, policies, and projects.
The role of traditional leadership in local economic development of UMsinga Community, Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
(2024) Mvelase, Londiwe Thenjiwe.; Mbatha, Zilungile Pearl.
This research focused on the role of traditional leaders in Local Economic Development (LED) in UMsinga. The study sought to understand the nature of the role of traditional leaders on LED and motivations for playing such role as well as the way this role is understood and experienced by selected participants in these contexts. Understanding the role of traditional leaders in local economic development will lead to a better understanding of how such leaders can influence local economic growth. Although traditional leaders are appointed through heritage and only recently have started to be regulated by policy, they remain important structures leading rural communities. Therefore, it is crucial to explore their impact on local economic development and the implications for communities. Many communities have leadership structures and unique socio-cultural characteristics that must be studied to fully recognize the various types of leadership roles that exist in society. This research is underpinned by the following theories: Complexity Leadership Theory, Asset-Based Community development, Integrated Community Development, and Sustainable Livelihoods Approach. The study analyses the function of traditional leadership in local economic development using qualitative research methodology. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with municipal officials of Local Economic Development. members of the traditional council, and traditional leaders. The data was analysed using thematic content analysis. The themes that facilitated LED in the community included 1) Traditional leaders play a significant role in shaping LED; 2) Traditional leaders in UMsinga are motivated to develop their community and, 3) The role of traditional leaders in UMsinga is associated with their vast knowledge about their communities and their ownership of land. The themes that emerged as barriers included: 4) The gap between the two governing structures in the UMsinga community. Furthermore, 5) there is a need for frequent training to enhance skills. This research recommended strategies that could be utilized to further coordinate the governing structures in UMsinga.
Unpacking the voluntary participation of community members in the cleansing and solid waste programme of the eThekwini Municipality.
(2023) Mgenge, Zandile Zibuyile.; Ntini, Edmore.
The study focuses on unpacking the voluntary participation of community members in the Cleansing and Solid Waste (CSW) programme of the eThekwini municipality. Since the study reveals a decline in the number of volunteers in the municipality, the aim is to invite more community members to volunteer in the CSW programme and understand and strengthen the relationship of volunteers in the CSW programme. A descriptive qualitative research design and purposive sampling was used. The sample consisted of information-rich informants, nine of which are community members in eThekwini, two officials of the eThekwini Municipality and one Municipality Councillor. The interviewing method was used for the data collection. The study revealed that there are many community members that did not know about volunteering for the CSW. Community members blame the CSW for their uncollected waste, which causes disease and an unsafe environment, Political parties influence how community members volunteer and what they should volunteer for, including rewards and economic freedom, and observing religious and political education. Community members do not volunteer for the CSWP because there is no monetary gain, and at the same time, it does not guarantee any permanent employment. Strategies for inviting volunteers into the CSWP are described as creating awareness and holding campaigns about solid waste management in communities, educating community members about keeping a clean environment, and teaching schools about volunteering. CSW should provide rewards and recognition to the volunteers, educating community members about the “three RRRs” (Recycling, reuse, and recovery) and volunteering opportunities should be published on different social platforms. Six recommendations are provided: 1) The main recommendations are that eThekwini municipality should educate community members about the importance of keeping a clean environment, 2) the CSW should create awareness about solid waste management in communities of the eThekwini municipality, 3) political parties and religious organisations can be vehicles for the CSWP to encourage community members to volunteer, 4) giving awards to volunteers will encourage other community members to volunteer, since it shows that the CSW acknowledges the volunteer’s contributions, 5) the CSW should try to create job opportunities for the volunteers, and 6) the CSW should encourage young people to volunteer because it is a good opportunity to try different careers without making a long-term commitment.
Exploring the implementation and impact of developmental local government projects on socio-economic well-being of Sweetwaters Community uMsunduzi Local Municipality.
(2024) Ngubane, Londeka Siphesihle.; Ngcobo, Angeline Sibongile.
In South Africa, since 1994, when the democratic government came into power, the development issue has been raised as one of the government's priorities. The government promised to transform the citizens' livelihoods through development and provide quality, effective and efficient services. Rural development was identified as one of the government's priorities to ensure community well-being. As a result, local governments were mandated to ensure rural development and provide quality service delivery to improve communities' living conditions and inclusion. However, rural communities still face challenges of exclusion and non-implementation of development programmes in South Africa. Therefore, this study explored the impact of local government developmental programmes or initiatives on the socio-economic and well-being of the Sweetwaters community in the uMsunduzi local municipality. The research methodology adopted in this study was a qualitative approach. Therefore, fifteen (N=15) participants, including community leaders and senior community members, participated using in-depth semi-structured interviews. In addition, NVIVO computer software was used for data analyses. The study's findings revealed a high level of exclusion when developmental projects are implemented. Further, the issue of corruption from the community leaders also came up. The result also suggested that the local government does not contact communities to understand which project should be prioritized. Further, local governments implement what they feel is right and exclude the community in decision-making, resulting in no improvement or resentment from the community.
The impact of retail centre development on local economic development in Ndwedwe Local Municipal[it]y, KwaZulu-Natal.
(2023) Magwaza, Nonkazimulo.; Matse, Muzi Patrick.
The informal sector has employed a lot of underprivileged people for about two decades in South Africa. However, South Africa is still facing high unemployment rates and poverty; even with the informal sector as an alternative to solving this socio-economic issue. Moreover, local government is mandated to promote local economic development and curb the issue of unemployment and poverty. As a result, the informal retail sector is one of the significant contributors to local economic development in township and rural areas. Besides, the informal sector faced many challenges, such as poor governance, low productivity, etc. In addition, they recently faced two significant challenges: the emergence of formal retailers and immigrant spaza-shop. Establishing formal retail centres in townships and rural areas has brought debates on whether formal retailers are good or bad for the local economy of these areas. Thus, the study focuses on the impact of formal retail development on the informal economy at Ndwedwe Municipality. The study adopted qualitative research methods to explore the impact of retail centre development on the local economic development of Ndwedwe Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal, iLembe District. The research places the informal business sector and the taxi industry as the major areas affected by this development. Individual interviews (N=10) were conducted at Ndwedwe Municipality Ward 15 with informal traders (street hawkers and spaza shop owners) and taxi owners/drivers. This study used the Institutional theory as a lens to guide the study. Interviews were analysed employing thematic analysis. The key findings confirm that formal retail centres have both negatively and positively affect the local economy. Positive aspects are that it creates employment for the local community, brings goods and services closer to the people, and offers a range of goods and services to the local people. Indirectly, formal retail centres also result in infrastructural development, such as roads, electricity, and buildings. The negative side of formal retail centres is the competition between the formal and informal sectors. As a result, the formal sector out-competes the informal sector, primarily because lack of the knowledge of running a business and insufficient resources. Therefore, this study recommends local government to uplift previously disadvantaged communities and close the gap between the informal and formal sector. In addition, capacity building can contribute to the informal sector to able to effectively compete with the formal sector.
Assessing the impact of community structures in protecting forced migrant women in inner city Durban.
(2021) Maliti, Tamasha Nyambura.; Tshishonga, Ndwakhulu Stephen.
Forced migration has become a global crisis, with half of those being women. Forced migrant women are the most vulnerable in situations of displacement and resettling in host countries. Community structures, however, can play important roles in protecting, integrating and providing women with support in their host country. The purpose of this study is to assess the roles and impact of existing community structures in protecting and integrating forced migrant women in the inner city of Durban, South Africa. This study uses social capital and social networks as a theoretical framework to understand the role of community structures in the protection and integration of forced migrant women. The study used a qualitative approach, with in-depth interviews with 12 women who were forced migrants. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling through a local non-governmental organization working with refugees. Data were thematically analysed with respect to the study’s objectives. Results showed community structures played two main roles, first, in offering short-term assistance such as, short-term accommodation, food and medical attention to women. Second, in providing longer - term assistance, in the form of spiritual support, connection to work opportunities and reuniting families. Women’s bonding and bridging social capital were important for them in accessing a wider range of opportunities via community structures and in establishing close-knit social networks such as support groups and savings clubs. Community structures also hindered migrant women’s integration and protection, specifically, around women’s experiences of sexual and gender based violence and intimate partner violence, community structures reinforced traditional gender roles, and they had limited resources to support women. Issues of mistrust also impeded the women from accessing needed assistance from wider social networks in the city. As a result, some women remained isolated and not adequately protected, hindering their integration and access to support systems. This study suggests that strategies to improve forced migrant women’s integration and protection could include creating safe spaces for women. In addition, working with and building the existing community structures’ capacity can help develop better responses to the needs of women.
Using community development practice for instilling the value of the institution of family: perceptions of academics at Howard College.
(2019) Mkhize, Zamambo Sazi Nobahle.; Ntini, Edmore.
Several literary works have acknowledged that the modern institution of the family is in crisis. The increase in social welfare cases such as street children, the vagrant homeless, moral degeneration and rampant crime have however been explained as indicators of and effects of the demise of the institution of the family. Rarely have scholars, researchers and practitioners in community development considered Community Development Practice as a possible tool for reviving the institution of the family. This study examined how community development practice can be used to restore the value of the institution of the family. A descriptive qualitative research design and purposive sampling was used. The sample consisted of information – rich informants who are academic elites in Social Sciences (the Department of Community and Development Studies, the Department of Social Work and the Department of Sociology) at Howard College University of KwaZulu-Natal. The interviewing method was used for the data collection. The study revealed that on one hand, community development practice can play eight roles in instilling the value of the institution of the family. On the other hand, community development practice can apply nine strategies in restoring the value of the beleaguered institution of the modern family.
Investigating the impact of COVID-19 on collective bargaining and workers' livelihoods: the case of NEHAWU in Durban.
(2022) Mathonsi, Mbuyiseni Simon.; Tshishonga, Ndwakhulu Stephen.
Collective bargaining is often associated with higher earnings, greater security for employees, and greater earnings equality. During the collective bargaining financial circles of 2019/2020, 2020/2021, 2021/2022 South African collective bargaining could not meet this protective function. Protective function means ensuring adequate pay, deciding on limits on daily or weekly working hours, and regulating other working conditions. The failure of wage negotiations during the above collective bargaining circles had hampered the South African government’s plan to reduce the levels of race and gender inequality, and it has also had a negative impact on the country’s economic growth. This study investigates the impact of COVID 19 on collective bargaining and workers’ livelihoods, using the case of NEHAWU in Durban. The National Education, Health, and Allied Workers Union (NEHAWU) is one of the largest trade unions in South Africa, which organizes both in the public and private sectors (especially with regard to state-owned entities). A qualitative research approach was adopted together with an exploratory research design to conduct an in-depth exploration of the phenomenon under study. Semi-structured interviews (both face-to-face and online) were employed for data collection among the leaders and members of NEHAWU in Durban. Thematic analysis was used to code the qualitative data and identify the emerging themes and subthemes. Meanwhile a non-probability sampling method was employed, and a purposive sampling technique was used to identify a sample of 10 (ten) participants for the study. “Collective bargaining: a veritable tool for resolving conflict”, the theory of collective bargaining by Kolatikan (2014) as well as three theoretical perspectives in industrial relations (the Unitary, the Radical and Pluralistic perspectives) combined to form the framework that underpin this study. The research study revealed that the failure of collective bargaining during 2019/2020, 2020/2021, and 2021/2022 collective bargaining circles as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic did not only disrupted workers’ livelihoods but it also reversed workers’ level of life and deepened gender, race, and class inequalities. The study also revealed that the salary freeze experienced during the above collective bargaining circles, coupled with the rise in food and petrol prizes, drove some workers into hard-core poverty, a level of the working poor, with workers occupying the lowest rungs of the payment system bearing the most brunt. The study recommends that collective bargaining needs to be strengthened and protected, especially during disasters such as COVID-19. It also recommends the up skilling of the low-paid workers so that they can move up the salary rungs. It further recommends that collective bargaining should prioritize workers who are in the lowest rungs of the salary payment system.
Exploring the benefits and challenges of land restitution at Qhubekani-Mnqobokazi community land.
(2022) Mabaso, Thembisile Rejoice.; Tshishonga, Ndwakhulu Stephen.
In 1994, the democratic government of South Africa introduced the Land Reform Programme, which aimed to redress the historical imbalances. The Land Reform Programme is designed to provide equitable redress to persons and communities involuntarily dispossessed of their rights to land after June 1913 due to racially discriminatory laws and practices. Of the three pillars of the land reform programme, land restitution, land tenure reform, and redistribution, the former is seldom a matter of empirical inquiry. The people who lost their rights were allowed to lodge claims with the Regional Land Claims Commission office for equitable redress. Mnqobokazi community, was dispossessed of their rights to land, and out of the three types of land reform awards, the Mnqobokazi community opted for restoration of the land used as a game reserve owned by Phinda, and &Beyond. This research explores the benefits and challenges of land restitution in the Qhubekani-Mnqobokazi community. Mnqobokazi community is a poor community in a remote rural area under UMkhanyakude District Municipality, KwaZuluNatal. This study further investigated the challenges that the Qhubekani-Mnqobokazi community and land Restitution faced in making land claimed to benefit the people of the Qhubekani-Mnqobokazi community and made recommendations on how the land claimed through restitution could be used to address socio-economic challenges in the QhubekaniMnqobokazi community. This researcher used a qualitative research approach, and the philosophical grounding is a social constructivist paradigm. Data was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Semi-structured interviews are the most common technique in qualitative research. Eighteen (n=18) participants participated in the study. Among these, three of them were from the Office of the Land Claims Commission, six were Qhubekani-Mnqobokazi Committee members, four were ordinary community members who are also referred to as beneficiaries of the land restitution, and two were from the community leadership which is the Municipality and the tribal authority. One participant was from the management of Phinda Game Reserve. This study analysed data using themes, and literature was used to support or refute the empirical findings. The findings show that the community of Mnqobokazi benefited from their land restitution claim. Access to education improved through schools that were built. Further, the health and well-being of the community improved through increased access to potable water, and sanitation. The community also benefited from access to electricity, health care services, business development, and increased job opportunities. However, there is still room for improvement regarding skills transfer, the balance of power, community involvement, and participation in decision-making. The researcher recommends that Phinda Game Reserve should train community members on conservation and land restitution to bring back postsettlement support and ensure that they improve their processes to ensure that land claims do not take long to settle. Further, efforts to empower community members particularly the youth must be prioritised to enable efficient skills transfer. Most community members in Mnqobokazi are satisfied with what they have accomplished as a community through land restitution.
An exploration of community attitudes towards people living with mental illnesses: a case of Inanda KwaZulu-Natal.
(2022) Mthembu, Andile Kevin.; Tshishonga, Ndwakhulu Stephen.
The topic of mental health is one of the many topics that are neglected in many South African communities. Although this is a burning issue that affects millions of South Africans, little to nothing has been done to raise awareness regarding this phenomenon that society still grapples with among many other pandemics. Available literature suggests that the issue of mental illnesses is among the many issues that haven’t been given the necessary attention they deserve as a result of their magnitude and also the negative effects they have on many lives in our communities. Communities lack the necessary tools and services to tackle the problems associated with mental illnesses and the stigma thereof. People living with mental illnesses are continuously marginalised, violated and excluded from community programmes as a result of the stigma and negative attitudes associated with mental illnesses. This study was motivated by the fact that although mental illnesses are a huge concern for South African communities as they disrupt many lives and lead to death as many people have died by suicide as a result of mental illnesses and not being able to talk about them as a result of the negative stigma associated with mental illness, yet little has been done to provide communities, especially townships with mental health services. This study is geared towards exploring community attitudes towards people living with mental illnesses. The study was conducted at Durban Inanda, Kwa-Zulu Natal. Methodologically, the study employed a qualitative approach that involved semi-structured interviews conducted with twenty-six participants involved in the study. The study found that community members harbour negative attitudes towards those living with mental illnesses. This is a result of how people living with mental illnesses are depicted as violent, dangerous and not deserving of being treated with dignity. The study also showed that community members have false and misleading information regarding mental illness and those living with it. Another finding of the study was that the community lacked mental health services that can provide the community with the correct information regarding mental illnesses thus curbing the scourge of mental illness stigma as well as the associated repercussions. The study concludes that mental health service centres are a necessity in the community as they can play critical role in raising awareness regarding mental illness as well as facilitating programmes that can assist communities to better deal with issues related to mental illnesses without stigmatising and victimising those living with such illnesses.
An analysis of the links between poverty and gender at Vedriet farm in KwaZulu-Natal province.
(2022) Emmanuel, Thamsanqa Mncube.; Matse, Muzi Patrick.
This study aimed to describe the relationship between poverty and gender inequality. The study also sought to understand how gender inequality promotes poverty and to determine prevalent incidences linked to poverty and gender inequality. The study employed a qualitative research methodology in the form of semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Purposive sampling was used to select 16 participants who met the minimum of four of the five criteria. Using Structural functionalism theory to conduct the study, the main findings revealed that females are at greater risk of poverty because of the social construct of gender. The literature reviewed confirmed that gender inequality is a major threat to poverty reduction. The study further revealed that younger and older women do not agree over challenging patriarchal practices in the community. Moreover, the study further revealed that the social construct of gender affects women negatively and harms men and boys who are regarded weak when they advocate for equal rights and opportunities. As a result, social restrictions discourage men and boys from deviation from traditional expectations. In addition, patriarchal practices and beliefs allow too much freedom to boys than girls. The practical implications of the findings are that poverty and gender inequality interventions need to concentrate on gender-related poverty differentials and consider access level to and control over resources at the initial stage. Moreover, analysis of gender relations and gender impact assessment must be a prerequisite for successfully implementing any poverty alleviation programmes, policies, and projects.
The self-provision of micro-credit schemes by women’s group in Chókwè: processes, challenges and outcomes.
(2015) Bambo, Mario Enoque.; Tshishonga, Ndwakhulu Stephen.
The majority of poor people in Mozambique have been excluded from getting loans, even from traditional financial institutions since they do not have valuable assets or credit histories to enable them to be legible from those loans. As a means for facilitating alternative financing, a growing number of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in Mozambique have engaged in micro-credit projects in partnership with poor Community Based Groups (CBGs). This allows poor communities to meet some of their basic needs. This dissertation focused on the self-provision of micro-credits by the community grouping from the 4th Neighbourhood in Chókwè district as the selected case study. The aim of this study was to examine and evaluate the effectiveness of micro-credit schemes in alleviating poverty as incorporated with the principles of community development. The study found that the principles of community development are crucial in enhancing the self-provision of micro-credit schemes. The beneficiaries were empowered through small business training to better manage their micro-enterprises. They also participated in the decision-making process since the rules and modalities for the functioning of the micro-credit process and the group administrative structure were established by them. The available local resources enabled a comparative advantage to micro-enterprises process. Although the enterprises run by the beneficiaries are at the micro level, the study found that they are not disassociated with environmental problems. This includes cases such as the destruction of vegetation, erosion of the land and elimination of fish species. The internal and inter district business relations have been favourable to micro-enterprises since the trading partners have equal power relations. The study also found that although the beneficiaries of the micro-credit schemes engaged in the survivalist type of micro-enterprise, they generate an income that satisfies their basic needs in a sustainable manner. Nevertheless, those beneficiaries that ran established fledging micro-enterprises had upwards shift of their household socio-economic status when compared to others. This has resulted in their households to move to horizontal social mobility.
The effects of the political violence of the 1980s and 1990s on the families of the political activists of Kwa-Makhutha, Kwa-Zulu Natal.
(2016) Mlambo, Primrose Sibusisiwe.; Tshishonga, Ndwakhulu Stephen.
The study sought to investigate the effects of political violence on the lives of the former activists and their families at Kwa-Makhutha Township in Kwa-Zulu Natal, in South Africa. Political violence in this study was an instrument used by activists as a defence mechanism to cope with the pain inflicted by the state or the political opposition. The aim of the study was to answer the research questions such as, what does political violence and political struggle mean to the former activists. What was the main reason for getting engaged in the struggle and political violence? At what cost did the former activists engage in political struggle or political violence? These questions were answered by employing research techniques that included individual face-to-face interviews and observation. The study was conducted from the 1st August 2014 to 31st March 2015. The sample of the study consisted of 45 interviewees, 35 males and 10 females, all above the age of 30. Key findings highlighted the negative social and economic effects of political violence on the livelihoods of members of the community. The key issues identified in the study were the lack of infrastructural development and the slow pace of service delivery. The study applied the Relative Depravation and Social Action theories that provided a comprehensive understanding of the reasons why the activists engaged in political violence. The study revealed that despite the government policies that address socio-economic development, people continue to live in abject poverty in previously disadvantaged communities such as Kwa-Makhutha.
Appraising the participation of Khula village communities in Isimangaliso Wetland Park tourism initiatives in South Africa.
(2016) Moloi, Marole Nkosikhona.; Khalema, Ernest Nene.
Tourism is one of South Africa’s major drivers of economic growth, which has been growing over the past decade. As such, South Africa remains focused on developing and expanding tourism etiquette to boost the industry in order to stir up and achieve development growth through it. This research explores the effectiveness of tourism in impacting development by looking one of the most impressive centers of tourism in the country, iSimangaliso Wetland Park. Since South Africa has adopted tourism as a developmental strategy, it tries to maximize on the industry to benefit local communities, and reach out to the poor people within those communities especially in rural areas. Therefore, the research utilizes the understanding of Pro-poor tourism (PPT) to bring out an understanding of how strategies in tourism can be considered for generating benefits for the poor in various communities. Others include, responsible tourism, eco-tourism, community-based tourism and sustainable tourism. Therefore, the South African tourism sector is actively taking an upfront approach to proactively pursue sustainable tourism measures that can quickly accrue much benefits to millions of local people ([mostly] in rural areas), particularly poor people living in and around Tourist Destination Areas (TDAs). However, these strategies may face some challenges in reaching their anticipated targeted goals. The research therefore, investigates the various positive and negative environmental and socio-economic impacts that lie behind tourism that have been imparted onto the surrounding communities/areas of iSimangaliso Wetland Park in South Africa.
The participation of senior citizen in community development activities in uThukela District, KwaZulu-Natal.
(2020) Sikhosana, Mbali Londiwe.; Ntini, Edmore.
Senior citizens are often perceived by society as unproductive, alienated and ineffectual individuals. However, if opportunities are made for them, senior citizens can bring a positive change to their respective communities. This study examines what could be done to ensure the participation of senior citizens in community development activities, by exploring the roles they may play, factors in favour and against their participation and strategies for inviting and sustaining their participation in community development activities. A qualitative design and purposive sampling are used. The sample of 14 information-rich informants from the following categories: A councillor, a member of non-governmental organisation, senior citizens and ordinary community members. Interviewing is used as the primary method for data collection. The findings reveal that senior citizens should participate in community development activities, since they have availability of time, wide knowledge base and transferable skills. Furthermore, they can be more committed and they are trusted by the community. It reveals that senior citizen participation is deterred by unawareness, lack of specific supportive policy, age discrimination and physical barriers. Thirty roles are identified for senior citizen in community development activities. Strategies for inviting them to participate are: the use of policy, change of attitude, creating favourable conditions, use of media, avoiding discrimination and recognise senior citizens in their respective communities. Strategies for sustaining their participation emerged as follows: involve them in various committees, communities invite senior citizens and encouraging their participation and illuminating deterring factors. The study’s main recommendations is for increase efforts in municipalities, communities, community development organisations, government and families to involve senior citizens in effective and instrumental participation in community development activities.
Ward committees as a mechanism for promoting community participation and service delivery: a case study of Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality.
(2020) Mdletshe, Fisokuhle.; Matse, Muzi Patrick.; Tshishonga, Ndwakhulu Stephen.
The transformation of local government in a post-apartheid South Africa was seen as ensuring citizens' inclusion in the policy and decision-making process, especially the marginalized communities and groups, in previously excluded societies in a country (RA 1998). The study set out to obtain information on the ward committees as the mechanisms in promoting community participation and service delivery with a case study of Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality. The study aimed to assess ward committees' effectiveness as a mechanism for promoting community participation and service delivery in Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality. The study demonstrated that ward committees' effective operation is paramount for active community participation and strengthening communication between municipalities and local citizens. In assessing the understating and conceptualizations of public participation in Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality. The focus of the study was on the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The researcher collected primary data through observation and semi-structured interviews. The researcher observed the conduct of ward committee members in the meeting with Municipal officials in Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality. The secondary data were collected from published research studies on ward committees, public participation and service delivery, and government publications and journal articles. From the findings gathered, it was evident that Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality was not doing enough to strengthen the ward committee as a vehicle to advance participatory democracy and service delivery in local governance. The study was informed by the participants' responses and opinions (the ward committee members, ward councillors, and municipal officials, namely, the office of the Speaker, the Deputy Mayor). The study concluded with recommendations for strengthening ward committees and enhancing public participation.
Orphans and vulnerable children's perceptions of child poverty in Cator Manor, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
(2020) Ngobese, Nompumelelo.; Manyombe, Celestin Busare.
Child poverty has proven to have a massively negative effect on children psychologically, physically, academically and spiritually. Although child poverty affects all children, however, orphans and vulnerable children are affected the most. To meet the needs of orphans and vulnerable children, the South African government has implemented many policies and programmes as interventions that oversee the well-being of children and strive to alleviate child poverty. This study was motivated by the fact that despite all these interventions provided for OVC that are poor, the number of OVC and children living in poverty continues to grow. There is still little knowledge on the extent to which OVC experience poverty in South Africa from children’s perceptions. Little is known about the effectiveness of interventions provided for OVC to improve their school performance in South Africa, specifically in KwaZulu-Natal. The aim of this study is to analyse child poverty from the perspective of orphans and vulnerable children of Cato Manor, KwaZulu-Natal. In order to achieve this goal, the researcher utilised mixed methods to collect the data. In the quantitative method, the researcher used a survey questionnaire, entailing closed-ended questions to collect numerical data. On the other hand, qualitative data focused on interviews, which includes open-ended questions. The study’s findings indicate that OVC are indeed the victims of poverty. The extent of poverty experienced by OVC includes lacking food security, access to proper education and lack of habitable conditions. The impact of child poverty on OVC is observed through the stigma and discrimination they experience that leads to isolation and dropping out of school. The study concludes that in order to meet the needs of OVC, the programmes and interventions that are provided need to be monitored and evaluated so that they can be effective. Furthermore, awareness programmes need to be implemented for children, teachers and the community to learn more about OVC in order to eradicate discrimination directed towards them.

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