Masters Degrees (Clinical Psychology)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10413/12892

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 111

"Exile is a traumatizing horror, a nightmare of terror, a destabilizing drama, a suicidal downer, a dehumanizing outrage, a continuous bondage”: a psychobiography of Hugh Ramapolo Masekela.
(2024) Zimbaye, Sannah Tsatsawane.; Cartwright, Duncan James.
Various studies provide explorations and descriptions of the implications of exile. However, fewer South African studies give a psychobiographical account of the implications of exile on personhood and/or personality development. Psychobiography is qualitative in nature and refers to the systematic, descriptive, and explorative study of the life histories of past or present significant and influential members of society in light of psychological conceptions. The primary aim of this study is to give a psychobiographical account of the implications of exile on Hugh Ramapolo Masekela’s (1939-2018) psychodynamic life. Purposive sampling was used to select Masekela as the psychobiographical subject. His experience of exile for thirty years, extraordinary musical abilities, sociopolitical activism, and rich biographical data make him a suitable subject. Masekela’s musical abilities earned him global recognition as the father of South African jazz music. He employed his music, including live performances, as his political voice against the apartheid regime. The researcher established an analytical matrix to classify data and employed Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development to systematically evaluate and extrapolate Masekela’s life history. Erikson’s theory emphasises how historical, social, cultural, and external environmental factors impact an individual’s personality development. The research findings revealed that Masekela’s sociohistorical context, including his early life and the occurrences of his external environment, complicated his identity development and, subsequently, his ability to cope and adapt during exile. Masekela experienced a sense of mistrust in himself and his external environment, exilic trauma, anxiety and personal destabilisation. He also experienced feelings of isolation, loss and inadequacy. Masekela’s experience of exile perpetuated his regression to past psychosocial conflicts, alongside his psychosocial moratorium and identity confusion. Even so, Masekela’s continuing sense of purpose and competence facilitated the development of his career fidelity. Masekela had two significant experiences which led to his catharsis and the eventual resolution of previous psychosocial crises, namely: (a) his return from exile and (b) rehabilitation from substance use. Lastly, this study contributes to South Africa’s progressing field of psychobiography as a methodological approach.
Low socioeconomic status (SES) as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents: a scoping review.
(2023) Slabbert, Angelique.; Valjee, Sachet Rabindranath.
Childhood trauma presents potential lifelong consequences for health and well-being. Research indicates that those with low socioeconomic status (SES) are disproportionately exposed to trauma and that childhood victimisation is associated with a higher risk for mental health problems. Existing literature in this field has predominantly focused on quantitative analysis and the adult population. There is a scarcity of research analysing the role low SES plays in the outcome of PTSD (Post-traumatic stress disorder) amongst children and adolescents within a low socioeconomic context. This study aimed to map and comprehensively analyse studies investigating low socioeconomic status as a predicting variable of PTSD among children and adolescents to generate insight and establish areas for future research. The present study was qualitative and utilised Kira’s taxonomy of trauma and assessment theory to support the objectives (Kira, 2001). A scoping review method was used guided by Arksey and O’Malley (2005). The search period was from 2012 to 2022. The search strategy for this scoping review used two electronic platforms, Ebscohost and Wiley, which provided access to the following databases: Academic search complete, APA Psychinfo, APA Psycharticles, Medline, and ERIC. The researcher screened all studies independently, and an external reviewer evaluated eligible articles. Charting the data involved synthesising and interpreting data according to key issues using a table format. Further analysis included descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis. Five prominent themes were developed: 1) structural risk/protective factors, 2) stages of development, 3) gender differences, 4) study design, and 5) study outcomes. The findings of this study illustrated a positive relationship between low SES and PTSD by identifying that low SES increased the chance of developing PTSD due to situational factors (early life exposure), negatively impacting he cognitive appraisals of a child. Contextual factors (types of SES indicators), such as parental instability, increased interpersonal violence, and scarce resources, further perpetuate the cycle of poverty and traumatic exposure. The study also identified crucial gaps in the literature, such as the need for qualitative/mixed methods and longitudinal research studies and the need for standardised low SES measures, among others, which could inform future research about the incremental validity of SES measures when determining a complete child or adolescent victimisation profile.
An exploration of young women’s menstrual experiences in the African context: a scoping review.
(2023) Pillay, Lorelle.; Valjee, Sachet Rabindranath.
Introduction: Limited research has been conducted on menstrual experiences and the impact of menstrual experiences on young women in the African context. Growing bodies of research show that young women experience menstruation negatively due to lack of knowledge and adequate resources within low- and middle-income countries. The research that currently exists around the topic of menstruation is mostly quantitative and the in-depth narratives of young women’s menstrual experiences are only minutely explored. It was found that socio-cultural beliefs and practices play a role in influencing certain negative menstrual experiences and perceptions of menstruation. This study aims to examine and map the impact of menstrual experiences on young women in Africa as well as the socio-cultural influences on menstrual experiences. Method and analysis: This study was conducted by means of a scoping review. Data was extracted from multiple databases on EBSCOHost. The process of data extraction was presented in the form of a PRISMA Flow diagram. A total of 15 articles were included in the present study. Results and Discussion: It was found that young women’s experiences of menstruation in Africa have mostly been negative and that these experiences were attributed to a lack of adequate water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in their respective environments, the misinformation about menstruation and menstruating females portrayed by cultural norms and the lack of education around menstruation and menstrual processes. The major themes identified from the thematic analysis were 1) The impact of menstrual experiences amongst young women in Africa and 2) The socio-cultural influences on menstrual experiences. The sub-themes identified in relation to the impact of menstrual experiences included 1) Attendance, 2) Mental distress, and 3) Lack of sanitary facilities. The sub-themes identified in relation to socio-cultural influences on menstrual experiences included 1) Lack of menstrual knowledge, and 2) Concealment. Conclusion and recommendations: Two overarching themes were identified during the process of analysis and were divided into a total of 5 sub4 themes. There exists a need for future research to focus on intervention, exploring qualitative research and expanding research in different countries within the African context.
A content analysis of child neglect in the international journal, child abuse & neglect (2013-2022).
(2023) Richards, Lynne Althea.; Collings, Steven John.
Introduction: Child neglect has disastrous consequences for the normal development of a child; however, child neglect has purportedly been overlooked in the extant literature (Tingberg & Nilsson, 2020; Wolock & Horowitz, 1984). Objectives: This study seeks to summarise the research conducted on child neglect in the international journal, Child Abuse & Neglect published between 2013 to 2022. Furthermore, it seeks to provide an overview of published empirical research conducted on child neglect in relation to other forms of child maltreatment, highlighting trends concerning the research methodology and sample. Method: A content analysis of the publications on child neglect in the international journal, Child Abuse & Neglect (2013-2022) was conducted using Krippendorf’s (2018) method. Krippendorf’s alpha was assessed to be a=0.92, p < .001, indicating high interrater reliability. Findings:While no significant relationship was found between the types of child maltreatment that were studied, child neglect was consistently assessed the least. Contrarily, child ‘physical and emotional neglect’ was assessed the most. The increased assessment of child physical and emotional neglect aligned with the predominant use of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACEQ), which are both used to assess physical and emotional neglect. Child neglect studies published in the international journal Child Abuse & Neglect (2013-2022) predominantly used cross-sectional designs and convenience samples. Moreover, these studies predominantly assessed samples in high-income countries. Conclusions: The current study suggests that the ‘neglect of neglect’ remains an issue in the literature. There is an increasing need for a universal and culturally sensitive definition from which to develop a suitable measure of child neglect. Moreover, research in low- and middle-income countries is essential to investigate the proposed relationship between poverty and neglect.
A critical thematic analysis of discourses of gender, sexuality, and relationships at play in the South African grade 9 sexual education life orientation.
(2023) Michaelides, Julia.; Frizelle, Kerry Lyn.; Reuben, Shanya.
The need for thorough and effective sexuality education for youth in South Africa is necessitated owing to the disproportionate rate at which the youth is affected by human immunodeficiency virus, sexually transmitted infections, and the high teenage pregnancy rate. The primary aim of comprehensive sexuality education and the scripted lesson plans (curriculum) provided by the Department of Basic Education is to assist learners in understanding concepts, content, and values around healthy sexual behaviour and sexuality. However, the fundamental discourses are not always understood in the same way by all learners. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the discourses and how they are constructed relating to gender, sexuality, and relationships featured in the Sexual Education Life Orientation curriculum for Grade 9 learners in South Africa. The study explored the discourses through a critical thematic analysis. After a critical analysis of the curriculum, four main themes emerged in the data. The themes illustrate the potential for improvement in sexuality education to be more inclusive of non-normative genders, sexualities, and relationships and to consider the lack of information on sexual pleasure and desire.
Souls, spirituality, and scholars: a scoping review of Islamic models of the self.
(2023) Essop, Fatima Zahrah.; Valjee, Sachet Rabindranath.
The increased globalisation of our world has created a heightened awareness of the multiplicity of human experience. Consequently, there is a need for the field of psychology to adapt and cater to this diversity. Moreover, the provision of culturally sensitive forms of psychology increases its relevance and utility to those who may not always benefit from a conventional Western approach. As a rapidly emerging discipline, the field of Islamic Psychology (IP) aims to understand and assist clients from an Islamic point of view. Despite its growing influence, a variety of obstacles hinder its trajectory, including a lack of uniformity in the field. This study therefore aimed to analyse studies focused on Islamic models of self, viewing explanations of human nature as the essential starting point in any field, to discern the defining characteristics of studies in this field, map similarities and potential differences between the studies, and gain a comprehensive view of the Islamic model of self, with the aim of providing a comprehensive starting point or reference for further studies in this field. This study employed Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) scoping review protocol and incorporated a mixed methods approach to analyse the data. Eleven electronic databases were utilised in the search strategy. These included studies conducted between 1970 to 2022. All studies were screened by the researcher. The 18 studies that met the inclusion criteria were charted in a table according to their defining characteristics. Results were analysed using descriptive statistics thematic analysis. Five main themes were identified: (1) Relationship with Allah; (2) Organisation, meaning, and nature of the self and its components in the Quran: metaphysical vs material; (3) Roles, relationships, and results: contribution of each component to the struggle between good and bad; (4) Winning the battle is not winning the war: stages of self and spiritual goodness; and (5) Tying it together: the theory as a whole. When considering the general nature of human beings, the purpose of human existence, and conceptualisations of behaviour, the content of the studies analysed was largely found to be consistent. However, differences existed when considering details such as definitions, understanding of the exact roles and processes undertaken by each component in the model of self, and depth of knowledge covered by each study. It was also discovered that the studies on their own did not always provide a comprehensive view of human nature but required supplementation by other studies to provide necessary detail. A synthesis of this information would thus be beneficial to the field, as was undertaken by this review, in providing a more comprehensive understanding of models of self. This study, however, was limited by language restrictions, article access due to funds or publication permissions, and the author’s own knowledge and level of understanding of Islamic terms and concepts. It is thus recommended that future studies include researchers from different language backgrounds and levels of expertise, so that a more comprehensive synthesis may be obtained.
The intersection of psychological distress and substance misuse in South Africa’s youth.
(2024) Ganasen, Rikshay.; Bobat, Shaida.
Background: This study explored the risk factors associated with the high prevalence of psychological distress among South Africans aged 15-24. This relationship is exacerbated by alcohol and illicit drug use, particularly in vulnerable populations affected by socio-economic disparities. The research aims to identify the risk factors associated with psychological distress and substance abuse, guiding targeted, efficient, prevention-focused, and effective interventions. Methods: Utilizing cross-sectional household survey data (Fifth South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Survey) this study focuses on a sample of 12,058 individuals (weighted to N=9 625 567) aged 15-24. The analysis employs a range of univariate regression methods to assess the relationships between demographic factors, substance use, and psychological distress, identifying key risk subpopulations within the national context. Results: The findings reveal significant mediation factors such as female gender, urban residency, and lower socio-economic status. The study highlights the association between psychological distress and substance use, with notable gendered differences in the nature of distress experienced and its relation to economic factors. Implications and Recommendations: The study suggests the need for comprehensive interventions addressing substance abuse, focusing on socio-economic and environmental factors predisposing youth to psychological distress. Emphasis on preventive measures, mental health support services, and tackling mental health stigma is crucial for improving social support structures and healthcare accessibility.
Understanding the financial, emotional, and social impacts of nyaope addiction on family members in South Africa: a scoping review of coping strategies and support needs.
(2024) Makhubele, Zeldah.; Khumalo, Richard Thabane.
Despite the significant impact on immediate family members, interventions addressing the escalating nyaope crisis among South Africans often overlook the broader familial context, focusing primarily on the individual affected. This study aims to bridge this gap by underscoring the pressing needs of family members. A scoping review was conducted to map and synthesize existing literature that investigated the financial, emotional, and social impacts of nyaope addiction on family members in South Africa, their coping mechanisms and support needs. The study adopted Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework; and data were screened thoroughly using PRISMA-ScR flow diagram according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Relevant databases were searched resulting in the identification of six studies for final review. The data were analysed thematically, and by means of descriptive numerical summary. This study revealed financial, emotional, and social repercussions, as well as coping strategies and support needs. Findings highlight the profound impact of nyaope addiction on family members, with coping strategies ranging from seeking external assistance to religious solace. However, many family members find existing support strategies inadequate, emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive support systems. The review emphasizes the urgent need for integrated, community-centred interventions addressing not only addiction treatment but also the overall well-being of family members. Recommendations include establishing support groups and community-driven initiatives to offer practical assistance and foster understanding among families affected by nyaope addiction in South Africa.
South African post-graduate theses on student transactional sex relationships: a scoping review.
(2024) Chauque, Nokubonga Charlot.; Buthelezi, Nontobeko Precious Angela.
Through a scoping review, this study focused on transactional sexual relationships among university students. Transactional sex is a distinct set of behaviours, labels, and identities which differs from commercial sex work. It is characterised by the exchange of monetary or material support and typically occurs outside the context of marriages or formal sex work. Transactional sexual relationships are a new social phenomenon prevailing in modern society across races, cultures, religions, political affiliations, or economic systems. Transactional sexual relationships have increasingly received the attention of researchers, and the practice seems to be complex and perhaps misunderstood; thus, this study aimed to conduct a systematic scoping review of studies conducted by post- graduate students in South Africa on transactional sexual relationships occurring among university students. The objectives of the study were: to explore how transactional sexual relationships are defined in the post-graduate theses; to determine the different types of transactional sexual relationships within the university context; to explore the samples that have been studied in these theses; and to review the strengths and limitations of these studies on transactional sexual relationships. A scoping review research design was suitable for this study. Firstly, it reviewed and described how post-graduate theses have engaged with transactional sexual relationships in general. Secondly, it determined the findings of these studies about university students and transactional sexual relationships. A matrix table presented the thesis and dissertations from South African universities that met the inclusion criteria which looked at South African university’s dissertations from 2010. The results that were presented thematically were: peer pressure, poverty and vulnerability, social norms and gender roles, substance abuse and risk, HIV and AIDS and sexual violence. From the findings and discussion, the researcher recommended awareness designed to educate students to shun transactional sex, the provision of health education through pamphlets and the provision of student grants to help cater for student needs during their stay at university.
Exploring young people’s constructions of domestic violence as portrayed in the media.
(2022) Mtshali, Zandile Penelope.; Collings, Steven John.
Domestic violence (DV) is a severe problem experienced mostly by women and girls locally and on other continents. Existing literature on DV has predominantly focused on quantitative analysis and the adult population. There is a paucity of research concerning young people’s views, understandings, and experiences of DV. Therefore, this study aimed to map and comprehensively analyze studies that examined how young people view, understand, and construct domestic violence to uncover existing evidence in the field and establish areas for future research. This study was exploratory and expanded knowledge of existing literature about young people’s narratives about DV. The theoretical framework navigating this study was the ecological systems theory to achieve an interdisciplinary perspective. The present study was a qualitative research study that utilized Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) scoping review method. The search strategy for this scoping review entailed three electronic databases, PubMed, Google scholar, and dissertations from SABINET online. The search period was from 2011 to 2021. Eligible studies were screened independently by the researcher. Extracts of young people’s narratives from primary qualitative studies were employed. Data were extracted and then analyzed using descriptive statistics in table form and thematic content analysis to categorize research results into themes. The data charting included tables from articles that met the inclusion criteria. Charting involved synthesizing and interpreting data according to key issues in a table form. Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Three prominent themes were developed: (1) Constructions of violence, (2) Normalization of violence, and (3) Young people’s agency, coping, and resistance strategies. Broadly, the findings of the present study illustrated that a deficit of understanding DV in young people is related to numerous issues, namely: low age, inadequate knowledge, growing up in a low-socioeconomic environment, normalization of violence by family and society, socially constructed gender norms and inaccurate media depictions. As a result, young people reported being scared to disclose the abuse to family and society and perceive it as a private matter. The findings of this study suggested an essential narrative behind the difficulties of intervening for young women who are victims of DV. However, numerous constructive implications may be helpful for young people, their families, and the health professionals working with them.
A scoping review of gender-based violence interventions and programmes targeted at South African men.
(2022) Mavasa, Themba Fotrick.; Mntambo, Ntokozo.
Background: The phenomenon of gender-based violence is a global concern (Tappis, Freeman, Glass & Doocy, 2016). Neither women nor men are immune to gender-based violence (GBV); however, the findings from different studies have found that women are more susceptible to GBV perpetrated against them by men (Peate, 2019; Radzilani-Makatu & Chauke, 2019). South African men play a vital role in perpetuating gender-based violence. Therefore, due to their role as perpetrators or potential perpetrators of gender-based violence, intervention measures targeting them should be prioritized (Navindhra & Nadvi, 2013). Aim: The focus of this study review was on interventions and programmes targeting South African men as a key means for addressing gender-based violence (GBV) against women in South Africa. The aim was to address the following question: “What was the available evidence of interventions and programmes targeting men as a key strategy for the prevention of gender-based violence against women in the South African context?” South Africa has been grappling with GBV for many years. New laws and programmes have been developed since 1994 – yet the scourge seems to worsen (Department of Higher Education and Training, 2019). Despite multiple interventions and research papers conducted on gender-based violence, it was unclear or at least unknown how men were included in these interventions (Tappis et al., 2016). Methods: To 'unlock' these interventions and programmes targeting men, the researcher utilised a scoping review approach. This study looked at 25 studies that included a total of 7 084 participants. Results: Men's participation in gender-based violence interventions had been reviewed extensively and it appeared to have significantly reduced gender-based violence (Gibbs, Dunkle,Mhlongo, Chirwa, Hatcher, Christofides & Jewkes, 2020). The findings indicate that interventions had many positive impacts on participants (Graaff & Heinecken, 2017). Conclusion: Even though the interventions produced positive impact, however, the impact of interventions appeared to be more behavioural than attitudinal, affecting specific 'problematic' behaviours rather than changing men's attitudes regarding gender inequality in general (Graaff & Heinecken, 2017). Some studies argued that this was because men had not rejected their patriarchal power, had difficulty adopting gender-equitable behaviour, as well as sustaining positive change, especially when their emotions were high (Treves-Kagan, Maman, Khoza, MacPhail, Peacock, Twine, Kahn, Lippman & Pettifor, 2020; Graaff & Heinecken, 2017).
Exploring the experiences of foreign nationals living and working in Durban, South Africa.
(2021) Okumu, Sarah Adhiambo.; Mtwentula-Ndlovu, Ntombekhaya Antoinette.
Globalization has led to increased international mobility, with many people living and working outside their countries of origin. Migration is an extremely complex process that has social, and psychological implications on the individuals or groups undergoing the process. The success of expatriates, that is migrants sent typically by a multinational organization to work in another country, has previously been measured by their organizational outcomes and completion of their assignment. Some losses and damage that result from expatriate failure include: loss of business and productivity, damage to relationships with other employees or customers, as well as the financial and emotional and psychological costs borne by the expatriate and their family. Understanding an individual’s experiences during an expatriate assignment can facilitate positive adjustment and increase coping strategies as they work and live away from their home country. Research on expatriates shows the main factors that influence adjustment or contribute to stress are the new culture in the work and social settings, family adjustment in the new country, distance from home and lack of preparation. The aim of this study was to investigate the experiences of expatriates and any coping mechanisms used to adjustment living and working in Durban. This current work followed a qualitative approach, conducting semi-structured interviews with 10 participants. The findings of the present study were generally consistent with previous similar studies. Expatriates reported that factors that made their adjustment challenging, and caused stress, included distance from their home country, family adjustment, uncertainty, and cultural differences. Support systems, previous expatriate experience and personally seeking diverse experiences facilitated adjustment. Unique contributions included how the challenging process of visa application negatively affected adjustment and expatriate’s experiences in Durban. The outcomes of this study may contribute towards developing interventions or programs that adequately prepare expatriates and increase the level of psychological support made available to them and their families.
Mental health literacy and its impact on educational achievement among University of KwaZulu-Natal students residing in residence.
(2023) Ngubane, Khumbuzile Yvonne.; Mtwentula-Ndlovu, Ntombekhaya Antoinette.
The study aimed to explore mental health literacy and its impact on educational achievement among University of KwaZulu-Natal students residing in the University’s residences. Despite the paucity of study in this area, notably in South Africa, the continent has seen an increase in mental health issues, even in higher education. Substance abuse, suicide, injury to others, and poor academic achievement are the major outcomes of mental ill health. The study focused on students residing at university campus. Due to the limited coverage of the subject on the African continent in general and South Africa in particular, the study used a qualitative research approach and an exploratory research design. The researcher used the purposive sampling method to pick a sample of 14 participants. Semi-structured interviews constituted the data collection method, as they were capable of profoundly demonstrating a link between mental health and academic excellence. The findings revealed poor levels of mental health literacy among the participants, which is a significant factor in determining this perceived link. Academic work-related pressure reportedly induced mental health concerns, while mental health issues were found to be the cause of poor academic performance. Mental health literacy constituted a critical element in the enhancement of help-seeking behaviour, timely accessing treatments, reducing stigma, and, most significantly, having the ability to assist others. Furthermore, the findings and reviewed literature depict students living in the University residences as vulnerable to mental health challenges. This owed to the contrasting home and school environments, adjustment issues, financial constraints, a lack of residence-based social support, and incompatible roommates. The study made several recommendations, including the need to raise mental health literacy from primary school to tertiary education institutions and to use infographics about mental health illnesses, such as the one created by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), to eliminate stigma, motivate help-seeking behaviour, and eliminate suicide ideation and related consequences.
Mental health and traditional healing: an exploration of UKZN students’ perceptions of using traditional healing methods to achieve mental health.
(2022) Ngcobo, Nontobeko Rejoice.; Hlengwa, Wellington Mthokozisi.
Mental illness has been documented as one of the global phenomena that impacts many people across the country. The perceptions of mental illness and the effective treatment methods are influenced by many factors such as perceived causes, culture, attitudes, experiences, and policies that are put in place within the health care systems (Choudhry, Mani, & Khan, 2016; Eaton & Louw, 2000; Gopalkrishnan, 2018). South Africa, as a multi-cultural context embraces multiple perspectives in which mental illness can be treated. Existing treatment modalities such as psychotherapy and traditional healing continue being accessible for patients who suffer from mental illness. The Eurocentric methods of treatment such as Psychotherapy and the medical model have been reported as treatment modalities that lack the understanding of an African person living inclusive of external and supernatural forces believed to play a role in maintaining physical and spiritual well-being. Afrocentric models such as traditional healing methods have been identified as a useful treatment modality (World Health Organization, 2010). In South Africa, traditional healers are mostly consulted by people who preserve their cultural beliefs and practices as methods of achieving physical, spiritual, and mental health. The inclusion for people who rely on traditional healing was introduced lawfully under the Traditional Healers Act (Act No. 22 of 2007). The implementation of the Traditional Healers Act (Act No. 22 of 2007) in the health care system declares approval of traditional treatments and proposes an outline to protect individuals who use the services.The study aimed to explore the perceptions of UKZN students regarding mental illness and traditional healing as a treatment modality. The aim was to understand the different factors that influence their perceptions, taking into consideration the ecological systems theory that elaborates on the environmental context individuals participate in. The theory further pertains the attitudes, beliefs, and values people hold which consequently influence their perception. This study undertook a qualitative research approach that aided to understand and explore participants’ feelings, perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes. A semi-structured interview schedule was prepared and was used as a guideline to conduct interviews. The study found that at each level of the ecological system, there are processes that take place which influences an individual participating in the context. These systems lie on three levels of the ecological system, namely, the microsystem that entails the family structure, the processes between the individual and the school, as well as social groups such as friends and neighbourhoods (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). The exosystem and the mesosystem indicative of social interactions, and from the macrosystem represented by the university context and its policy structures (Harkonen, 2007). The findings reveal that culture is a common factor that influences how students perceive mental illness as aspects of culture tie into beliefs and standard behaviour and practices intended to achieve good health. It further revealed that students rely on their beliefs, attitudes, social norms of the structures they participate in, that grant them necessary health options and thus utilize resources that align with these beliefs.
Psychometric assessments used as screening tools for complex post-traumatic stress disorder: a scoping review.
(2023) Striglia, Nina Ann.; Valjee, Sachet Rabindranath.
Introduction: The International Classification of Diseases version 11 (ICD-11) saw the inclusion of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and a newly conceptualized addition of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) as an independent diagnosis. Recent literature supports the inclusion and distinction of CPTSD. However, with the development of new psychological constructs, contemporary psychometric instruments are required to assess such novel constructs. This study aims to synthesise and map studies that examine various psychometric instruments used as screening tools for CPTSD. Methods and Analysis: A scoping review was conducted to “scope” the breadth of the available literature within this research topic. This was achieved by providing an overview and map of available literature published on various online databases. The data underwent intensive screening processes using the PRISMA-ScR flow diagram in accordance with the chosen inclusion and exclusion criteria. Identified databases were searched, and a total of 15 studies were eligible for final review. Results and Discussion: The data yielded from the searches were charted in table format and summarised by: Author(s) and Year and Validation Study and synthesised into a comprehensive report. Gaps and trends evident in the literature base were identified and analysed thematically to provide a narrative interpretation of existing literature. Studies that investigated and assessed various screening assessments for CPTSD were categorised in relation to four overarching themes: construct validity of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD, evidence of existing psychometric measures used to screen for CPTSD, the measures’ psychometric properties, the prevalence of PTSD/CPTSD and severe psychopathology, and study design. Conclusion and Recommendations: Four specific themes emerged in relation to the evidence of various screening assessments for CPTSD. Future research could aim to incorporate qualitative studies that serve to understand the lived experiences of individuals diagnosed with complex trauma disorders, particularly in developing and under-resourced contexts. Further research could drive potential opportunities to develop culturally sensitive standardised measures to reduce and remediate generalisability issues.
Exploring child welfare social workers’ experiences and perception of working in rural under-resourced agencies in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
(2023) Dyoda, Zintle.; Makhaba, Vukani Luvuyo.
Background: The Social Work child welfare system is a rewarding field which is also complex and challenging. Agencies in rural based settings are tormented by increased levels of occupational stress, secondary traumatic stress, burnout, and compassion fatigue. Social workers in these agencies experience continuous transformation in service delivery and resources, as well as working conditions. Aim: This study sought to explore the experiences and perception of social workers in rural based child welfare agencies. The intended motive was to establish an understanding of the experiences of child welfare social workers in rural under-resourced agencies. Methods: The study utilised a qualitative approach, which enables a comprehensive description of the participants‟ feelings, experiences, and perceptions of working in under-resourced agencies. The sample was drawn from the population of three agencies in Mnquma Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape. The municipality falls in the B category and consolidates the towns and rural areas of Butterworth, Centane and Ngqamakhwe. The Municipality is generally rural in nature and relies on social grants. A total of eight child welfare social workers were recruited for this study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews that were audio-recorded. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data from the transcribed interviews. Results: The results were examined in light of empirical evidence from related literature and the Maslach‟s Multidimensional Theory of Burnout. Seven themes were obtained from the data: (1) Childhood Related Personal Experience, (2) Agency-Based Perception of Burnout, (3) Occupational Stress, (4) Nature of the Working Conditions in Rural-Based Agencies, (5) Inadequate Support for Agency Child Welfare Social Workers, (6) Staff Turnover Rates in Rural Under-Resourced Agencies and (7) Varied Ways of Coping with Stress on the Job. The study has revealed that child welfare agencies face various challenges due to conditions of chronic poverty, unemployment, inadequate transportation, geography, and special health care access. The families with children are vulnerable, since they are most negatively affected. Findings: The research findings have revealed that social workers of the child welfare agencies experience burnout and occupational stress due to rural poverty, leading to staff turnover. The study recommended that agencies should give emotional and clinical support to social workers on a regular basis. Also, the importance of wellness and self-care for social workers should be emphasised. Moreover, there is need to prioritise brief crisis interventions for rural social workers, which include critical incident stress debriefings and psychosocial debriefings, as well as trauma risk management strategies built upon to trauma-focused debriefing principles. Recommendations: The study also recommended that the agencies focus on an organisational culture that reflects a bottom-up management approach. Lastly, there should be additional professional oversight in a form of adequate supervision, as well as a shift in terms of managerial style to an approach that is more strengths-based. These possible recommendations address challenges or barriers faced by social workers, in order to improve the quality of their working experience.
The experiences of caregiving and the coping strategies of informal caregivers of people with major neurocognitive disorders.
(2023) Manyathi, Londeka Miranda.; Mfene, Xoli Precious.
Caregivers of people with major neurocognitive disorders (MNCD) experience considerable burden, which might lead to psychological difficulties. As a result of their caregiving experiences, it is important for caregivers to develop positive coping skills. This study aimed to explore the experiences and coping strategies of informal caregivers of people living with major neurocognitive disorders. Further, this study was conducted to establish if there are any support programmes available for informal caregivers of individuals with severe neurocognitive impairments. A mixed methods research approach was adopted. Nine informal caregivers were sampled through a non-probability purposive technique. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and psychometric scales on caregiver depression, burden, and coping. Further, data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Psychometric scales were scored and interpreted based on their interpretive manual. The findings suggest that informal caregivers of persons with major neurocognitive disorders endorsed more negative than positive experiences. However, they seemed to cope with the caregiving situation. More active coping strategies, such as acceptance and building resilience, mediate the negative experiences. Informal caregivers reported the availability of respite and psychosocial interventions such as those offered by the Bessie Makatini Foundation. In conclusion, it was recommended that while addressing caregiver needs and creating support interventions, support programs like those conducted by the Bessie Makatini Foundation should consider the various family dynamics.
The psychology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus: a systematic review of the affect that Human Immunodeficiency Virus /Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome has on the mental health of children and adolescents.
(2022) Essop-Mansoor, Waseela.; Nene, Khanyisile.
Background: Child and adolescent mental health (CAMH) is frequently neglected, although it is estimated that one in every five of them has a mental condition. Viruses like HIV is an example of a potential warning sign that can lead to a child or adolescent developing mental health problems. Method: This paper is a systematic review and narrative synthesis of quantitative studies conducted on HIV/AIDS and mental health in children and adolescents within the last decade (2012-2022). Databases such as Google Scholar, Ebscohost, Springer, Sabinet, GALE Cengage, APA PsycNet, and SAGE Research techniques were searched and a total of 16 empirical studies that examined the affect that a positive HIV diagnosis has on the mental health of youth were considered. Study components were recorded in the form of a matrix table which included: year of publication, authors, title of article, aims of the study, sample, socio-ecological level of influence, key findings as well as identified interventions. Conceptual content analysis was then applied as a method of studying and retrieving meaningful information such as the frequency of key mental health themes and mental health conditions pertaining to CAMH, that emerged in the primary literature, which was summarised in the matrix table. Results: A total of 90 articles were retrieved via an online desktop search and through rigorous screening based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 16 articles deemed eligible for inclusion and further analysis. Conclusion: An HIV positive (HIV+) diagnosis can influence CAMH on an individual-level, family-level, community-level and structural-level. In addition, CAMH can be affected by the cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioural viewpoint. Furthermore, several interventions that were identified on the various levels displayed on the socio-ecological model deem beneficial in enhancing the mental health of HIV+ children and adolescents.
The financial and psychological cost of raising a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a qualitative study.
(2019) Geldenhuys, Anouska.; Memela, Nonjabulo Cynthia.
This is a qualitative research project looking at the financial and psychological challenges and needs of parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Raising a child with ASD can be a very challenging and strenuous experience. Families who are raising children with ASD appear to experience an overwhelming amount of stress and consist of many responsibilities whilst not having much support from others, signifying the need to study this phenomenon further. The study involves a sample of biological mothers living in Gauteng who are the primary caregivers of a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. This study focuses on parents’ lived experiences and their perspectives of the psychological and financial costs of raising a child with this neurodevelopmental condition. The findings of this study correspond with findings from other literature; highlighting the significance of these challenges. Results indicated that parents living with an ASD child experience various psychological challenges such as feelings of grief and fear, physical and emotional exhaustion, disruption to the family’s lifestyle, and tremendous financial strain; influencing their well-being. This study aims to highlight the financial and psychological needs of parents interviewed in this study to create insight and awareness to others living with Autism Spectrum Disorder as well as professionals working with these families.
Alexithymia, chronic pain and depression.
(1993) Choladja, Clair Anye Louise.; Lindegger, Graham Charles.; Lachenicht, Lance Gary.
Abstract available in PDF.

Browse

Recent Submissions